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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/28 11:50:23」(JST)

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Antithrombin (AT) is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. Antithrombin is a glycoprotein produced by the liver and consists of 432 amino acids. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-Antithrombin is the dominant form of antithrombin found in blood plasma and has an oligosaccharide occupying each of its four glycosylation sites. A single glycosylation site remains consistently un-occupied in the minor form of antithrombin, β-antithrombin.^[1] Its activity is increased manyfold by the anticoagulant drug heparin, which enhances the binding of antithrombin to factor II and factor X.

1 Antithrombin nomenclature
2 Structure
3 Function
4 Antithrombin and heparin
- 4.1 Allosteric activation
- 4.2 Non-allosteric activation
5 Effect of glycosylation on activity
6 Role in disease
- 6.1 Acquired antithrombin deficiency
- 6.2 Inherited antithrombin deficiency
  - 6.2.1 Type I antithrombin deficiency
  - 6.2.2 Type II antithrombin deficiency
- 6.3 Toponyms
7 As medication
8 Cleaved and latent antithrombin
9 Antiangiogenic antithrombin
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

Antithrombin nomenclature[edit]

Antithrombin is also termed Antithrombin III (AT III). The designations Antithrombin I through to Antithrombin IV originate in early studies carried out in the 1950s by Seegers, Johnson and Fell.^[2]

Antithrombin I (AT I) refers to the absorption of thrombin onto fibrin after thrombin has activated fibrinogen. Antithrombin II (AT II) refers to a cofactor in plasma, which together with heparin interferes with the interaction of thrombin and fibrinogen. Antithrombin III (AT III) refers to a substance in plasma that inactivates thrombin. Antithrombin IV (AT IV) refers to an antithrombin that becomes activated during and shortly after blood coagulation.^[3] Only AT III and possibly AT I are medically significant. AT III is generally referred to solely as "Antithrombin" and it is Antithrombin III that is discussed in this article.

Structure[edit]

Figure 1. The location of the four potential glycosylation sites within the tertiary structure of an antithrombin monomer are shown, as taken from the protein data bank file 2ANT. In this structure only Asn 155 is glycosylated by the addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine residue.

Antithrombin has a half-life in blood plasma of around 3 days.^[4] The normal antithrombin concentration in human blood plasma is high at approximately 0.12 mg/ml, which is equivalent to a molar concentration of 2.3 μM.^[5] Antithrombin has been isolated from the plasma of a large number of species additional to humans.^[6] As deduced from protein and cDNA sequencing, cow, sheep, rabbit and mouse antithrombins are all 433 amino acids in length, which is one amino acid longer than human antithrombin. The extra amino acid is thought to occur at amino acid position 6. Cow, sheep, rabbit, mouse, and human antithrombins share between 84 and 89% amino acid sequence identity.^[7] Six of the amino acids form three intramolecular disulfide bonds, Cys8-Cys128, Cys21-Cys95, and Cys248-Cys430. They all have four potential N-glycosylation sites. These occur at asparagine (Asn) amino acid numbers 96, 135, 155, and 192 in humans and at similar amino acid numbers in other species. All these sites are occupied by covalently attached oligosaccharide side-chains in the predominant form of human antithrombin, α-antithrombin, resulting in a molecular weight for this form of antithrombin of 58,200.^[1] The potential glycosylation site at asparagine 135 is not occupied in a minor form (around 10%) of antithrombin, β-antithrombin (see Figure 1).^[8]

Recombinant antithrombins with properties similar to those of normal human antithrombin have been produced using baculovirus-infected insect cells and mammalian cell lines grown in cell culture.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] These recombinant antithrombins generally have different glycosylation patterns to normal antithrombin and are typically used in antithrombin structural studies. For this reason many of the antithrombin structures stored in the protein data bank and presented in this article show variable glycosylation patterns.

Antithrombin begins in its native state, which has a higher free energy compared to the latent state, which it decays to on average after 3 days. The latent state has the same form as the activated state - that is, when it is inhibiting thrombin. As such it is a classic example of the utility of kinetic vs thermodynamic control of protein folding.

Function[edit]

Figure 2. The reactive arg 393 - ser 394 bond is located on an exposed loop at the surface of the molecule. This loop is termed the reactive site loop (RSL) or reactive centre loop (RCL).

Figure 3. The amino acid sequence of the reactive site loop of human antithrombin is shown.^[13] The reactive site loop comprises amino acid sequence numbers 377 to 400 (numbers shown below the above sequence) or amino acids P1 to P17 and P1' to P7' using the Schechter and Berger convention (number shown above the above sequence).^[14] The reactive bond is indicated by an arrow.

Antithrombin is a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) and is thus similar in structure to most other plasma protease inhibitors, such as alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, alpha 2-antiplasmin and Heparin cofactor II.

The physiological target proteases of antithrombin are those of the contact activation pathway (formerly known as the intrinsic pathway), namely the activated forms of Factor X (Xa), Factor IX (IXa), Factor XI (XIa), Factor XII (XIIa) and, to a greater extent, Factor II (thrombin) (IIa), and also the activated form of Factor VII (VIIa) from the tissue factor pathway (formerly known as the extrinsic pathway).^[15] The inhibitor also inactivates kallikrein and plasmin, also involved in blood coagulation. However it inactivates certain other serine proteases that are not involved in coagulation such as trypsin and the C1s subunit of the enzyme C1 involved in the classical complement pathway.^[7]^[16]

Protease inactivation results as a consequence of trapping the protease in an equimolar complex with antithrombin in which the active site of the protease enzyme is inaccessible to its usual substrate.^[7] The formation of an antithrombin-protease complex involves an interaction between the protease and a specific reactive peptide bond within antithrombin. In human antithrombin this bond is between arginine (arg) 393 and serine (ser) 394 (see Figure 2 and Figure 3).^[7]

It is thought that protease enzymes become trapped in inactive antithrombin-protease complexes as a consequence of their attack on the reactive bond. Although attacking a similar bond within the normal protease substrate results in rapid proteolytic cleavage of the substrate, initiating an attack on the antithrombin reactive bond causes antithrombin to become activated and trap the enzyme at an intermediate stage of the proteolytic process. Given time, thrombin is able to cleave the reactive bond within antithrombin and an inactive antithrombin-thrombin complex will dissociate, however the time it takes for this to occur may be greater than 3 days.^[17] However bonds P3-P4 and P1'-P2' can be rapidly cleaved by neutrophil elastase and the bacterial enzyme thermolysin respectively, resulting in inactive antithrombins no longer able to inhibit thrombin activity.^[18]

The rate of antithrombin's inhibition of protease activity is greatly enhanced by its additional binding to heparin as is its inactivation by neutrophil elastase.^[18]

Antithrombin and heparin[edit]

Antithrombin inactivates its physiological target enzymes, Thrombin, Factor Xa and Factor IXa with rate constants of 7–11 x 10³, 2.5 x 10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 1 x 10 M⁻¹ s⁻¹ respectively.^[1]^[19] The rate of antithrombin-thrombin inactivation increases to 1.5 - 4 x 10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ in the presence of heparin, i.e. the reaction is accelerated 2000-4000 fold.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] Factor Xa inhibition is accelerated by only 500 to 1000 fold in the presence of heparin and the maximal rate constant is 10 fold lower than that of thrombin inhibition.^[20]^[23] The rate enhancement of antithrombin-Factor IXa inhibition shows an approximate 1 million fold enhancement in the presence of heparin and physiological levels of calcium.^[19]

AT-III binds to a specific pentasaccharide sulfation sequence contained within the heparin polymer

GlcNAc/NS(6S)-GlcA-GlcNS(3S,6S)-IdoA(2S)-GlcNS(6S)

Upon binding to this pentasaccharide sequence, inhibition of protease activity is increased by heparin as a result of two distinct mechanisms.^[24] In one mechanism heparin stimulation of Factor IXa and Xa inhibition depends on a conformational change within antithrombin involving the reactive site loop and is thus allosteric.^[25] In another mechanism stimulation of thrombin inhibition depends on the formation of a ternary complex between AT-III, thrombin, and heparin.^[25]

Allosteric activation[edit]

Figure 4. Two crystal structures for antithrombin. Model A is taken from the pdb file 2ANT and model B from pdb file 1AZX. Model B is complexed with a pentasaccharide while model A is uncomplexed.

Increased Factor IXa and Xa inhibition requires the minimal heparin pentasaccharide sequence. The conformational changes that occur within antithrombin in response to pentasaccharide binding are well documented.^[13]^[26]^[27]

In the absence of heparin, amino acids P14 and P15 (see Figure 3) from the reactive site loop are embedded within the main body of the protein (specifically the top of beta sheet A). This feature is in common with other serpins such as heparin cofactor II, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and MENT.

The conformational change most relevant for Factor IXa and Xa inhibition involves the P14 and P15 amino acids within the N-terminal region of the reactive site loop (circled in Figure 4 model B). This region has been termed the hinge region. The conformational change within the hinge region in response to heparin binding results in the expulsion of P14 and P15 from the main body of the protein and it has been shown that by preventing this conformational change, increased Factor IXa and Xa inhibition does not occur.^[25] It is thought that the increased flexibility given to the reactive site loop as a result of the hinge region conformational change is a key factor in influencing increased Factor IXa and Xa inhibition. It has been calculated that in the absence of the pentasaccharide only one in every 400 Antithrombin molecules (0.25%) is in an active conformation with the P14 and P15 amino acids expelled.^[25]

Non-allosteric activation[edit]

Figure 5. The structure of an antithrombin-thrombin-heparin ternary complex taken from pdb 1TB6.

Increased thrombin inhibition requires the minimal heparin pentasaccharide plus at least an additional 13 monomeric units.^[28] This is thought to be due to a requirement that antithrombin and thrombin must bind to the same heparin chain adjacent to each other. This can be seen in the series of models shown in Figure 5.

In the structures shown in Figure 5 the C-terminal portion (P' side) of the reactive site loop is in an extended conformation when compared with other un-activated or heparin activated antithrombin structures.^[29] The P' region of antithrombin is unusually long relative to the P' region of other serpins and in un-activated or heparin activated antithrombin structures forms a tightly hydrogen bonded β-turn. P' elongation occurs through the breaking of all hydrogen bonds involved in the β-turn.^[29]

The hinge region of antithrombin in the Figure 5 complex could not be modelled due to its conformational flexibility, and amino acids P9-P14 are not seen in this structure. This conformational flexibility indicates an equilibrium may exist within the complex between a P14 P15 reactive site loop inserted antithrombin conformation and a P14 P15 reactive site loop expelled conformation. In support of this, analysis of the positioning of P15 Gly in the Figure 5 complex (labelled in model B) shows it to be inserted into beta sheet A (see model C).^[29]

Effect of glycosylation on activity[edit]

α-Antithrombin and β-antithrombin differ in their affinity for heparin.^[30] The difference in dissociation constant between the two is threefold for the pentasaccharide shown in Figure 3 and greater than tenfold for full length heparin, with β-antithrombin having a higher affinity.^[31] The higher affinity of β-antithrombin is thought to be due to the increased rate at which subsequent conformational changes occur within the protein upon initial heparin binding. For α-antithrombin, the additional glycosylation at Asn-135 is not thought to interfere with initial heparin binding, but rather to inhibit any resulting conformational changes.^[30]

Even though it is present at only 5–10% the levels of α-antithrombin, due to its increased heparin affinity, it is thought that β-antithrombin is more important than α-antithrombin in controlling thrombogenic events resulting from tissue injury. Indeed, thrombin inhibition after injury to the aorta has been attributed solely to β-antithrombin.^[32]

Role in disease[edit]

For more details on this topic, see Antithrombin III deficiency.

Evidence for the important role antithrombin plays in regulating normal blood coagulation is demonstrated by the correlation between inherited or acquired antithrombin deficiencies and an increased risk of any affected individual developing thrombotic disease.^[33] Antithrombin deficiency generally comes to light when a patient suffers recurrent venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Acquired antithrombin deficiency[edit]

Acquired antithrombin deficiency may result from a range of disorders such as liver dysfunction (coagulopathy), sepsis, premature birth, kidney disease with protein loss in the urine in patients with nephrotic syndrome, or as a result of interventions such as major surgery or cardiopulmonary bypass.^[34]

Inherited antithrombin deficiency[edit]

The incidence of inherited antithrombin deficiency has been estimated at between 1:2000 and 1:5000 in the normal population, with the first family suffering from inherited antithrombin deficiency being described in 1965.^[35]^[36] Subsequently it was proposed that the classification of inherited antithrombin deficiency be designated as either type I or type II, based upon functional and immunochemical antithrombin analyses.^[37] Maintenance of an adequate level of antithrombin activity, which is at least 70% that of a normal functional level is essential to ensure effective inhibition of blood coagulation proteases.^[38] Typically as a result of type I or type II antithrombin deficiency, functional antithrombin levels are reduced to below 50% of normal.^[39]

Type I antithrombin deficiency[edit]

Type I antithrombin deficiency is characterised by a decrease in both antithrombin activity and antithrombin concentration in the blood of affected individuals. Type I deficiency was originally further divided into two subgroups, Ia and Ib, based upon heparin affinity. The antithrombin of subgroup Ia individuals showed a normal affinity for heparin while the antithrombin of subgroup Ib individuals showed a reduced affinity for heparin.^[40] Subsequent functional analysis of a group of 1b cases found them not only to have reduced heparin affinity but multiple or 'pleiotrophic' abnormalities affecting the reactive site, the heparin binding site and antithrombin blood concentration. In a revised system of classification adopted by the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, type Ib cases are now designated as type II PE, Pleiotrophic effect.^[41]

Most cases of type I deficiency are due to point mutations, deletions or minor insertions within the antithrombin gene. These genetic mutations result in type I deficiency through a variety of mechanisms:

Mutations may produce unstable antithrombins that either may be not exported into the blood correctly upon completion biosynthesis or exist in the blood for a shortened period of time, e.g., the deletion of 6 base pairs in codons 106-108.^[42]
Mutations may affect mRNA processing of the antithrombin gene.
Minor insertions or deletions may lead to frame shift mutations and premature termination of the antithrombin gene.
Point mutations may also result in the premature generation of a termination or stop codon e.g. the mutation of codon 129, CGA→TGA (UGA after transcription), replaces a normal codon for arginine with a termination codon.^[43]

Type II antithrombin deficiency[edit]

Type II antithrombin deficiency is characterised by normal antithrombin levels but reduced antithrombin activity in the blood of affected individuals. Originally it was proposed that type II deficiency be further divided into three subgroups IIa, IIb and IIc depending upon which antithrombin functional activity is reduced or retained.^[40]

Subgroup IIa - Decreased thrombin inactivation, decreased factor Xa inactivation and decreased heparin affinity.
Subgroup IIb - Decreased thrombin inactivation and normal heparin affinity.
Subgroup IIc - Normal thrombin inactivation, normal factor Xa inactivation and decreased heparin affinity.

In the revised system of classification again adopted by the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, type II antithrombin deficiency remains subdivided into three subgroups: the already mentioned type II PE, along with type II RS, were mutations effect the reactive site and type II HBS, were mutations effect the antithrombin heparin binding site.^[41] For the purposes of an antithrombin mutational database compiled by members of the Plasma Coagulation Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, type IIa cases are now classified as type II PE, type IIb cases as type II RS and type IIc cases as type II HBS.^[44]

Toponyms[edit]

Presently it is relatively easy to characterise a specific antithrombin genetic mutation. However prior to the use of modern characterisation techniques investigators named mutations for the town or city were the individual suffering from the deficiency resided i.e. the antithrombin mutation was designated a toponym.^[45] Modern mutational characterisation has since shown that many individual antithrombin toponyms are actually the result of the same genetic mutation, for example Antithrombin-Toyama, is equivalent to Antihrombin-Kumamoto, -Amien, -Tours, -Paris-1, -Paris-2, -Alger, -Padua-2 and -Barcelona.^[44]

As medication[edit]

Antithrombin is used as a protein therapeutic that can be purified from human plasma^[46] or produced recombinantly (for example, Atryn, which is produced in the milk of genetically modified goats.^[47]^[48])

Antithrombin is approved by the FDA as an anticoagulant for the prevention of clots before, during, or after surgery or birthing in patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency.^[46]^[48]

Cleaved and latent antithrombin[edit]

Figure 6. Latent antithrombin

Cleavage at the reactive site results in entrapment of the thrombin protease, with movement of the cleaved reactive site loop together with the bound protease, such that the loop forms an extra sixth strand in the middle of beta sheet A. This movement of the reactive site loop can also be induced without cleavage, with the resulting crystallographic structure being identical to that of the physiologically latent conformation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).^[49] For this reason the conformation of antithrombin in which the reactive site loop is incorporated uncleaved into the main body of the protein is referred to as latent antithrombin. In contrast to PAI-1 the transition for antithrombin from a normal or native conformation to a latent conformation is irreversible.

Native antithrombin can be converted to latent antithrombin (L-antithrombin) by heating alone or heating in the presence of citrate.^[50]^[51] However, without extreme heating and at 37°C (body temperature) 10% of all antithrombin circulating in the blood is converted to the L-antithrombin over a 24 hour period.^[52]^[53] The structure of L-antithrombin is shown in Figure 6.

The 3-dimensional structure of native antithrombin was first determined in 1994.^[26]^[27] Unexpectedly the protein crystallized as a heterodimer composed of one molecule of native antithrombin and one molecule of latent antithrombin. Latent antithrombin on formation immediately links to a molecule of native antithrombin to form the heterodimer, and it is not until the concentration of latent antithrombin exceeds 50% of the total antithrombin that it can be detected analytically.^[53] Not only is the latent form of antithrombin inactive against its target coagulation proteases, but its dimerisation with an otherwise active native antithrombin molecule also results in the native molecules inactivation. The physiological impact of the loss of antithrombin activity either through latent antithrombin formation or through subsequent dimer formation is exacerbated by the preference for dimerisation to occur between heparin activated β-antithrombin and latent antithrombin as opposed to α-antithrombin.^[53]

A form of antithrombin that is an intermediate in the conversion between native and latent forms of antithrombin has also been isolated and this has been termed prelatent antithrombin.^[54]

Antiangiogenic antithrombin[edit]

Angiogenesis is a physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Under normal physiological conditions angiogenesis is tightly regulated and is controlled by a balance of angiogenic stimulators and angiogenic inhibitors. Tumor growth is dependent upon angiogenesis and during tumor development a sustained production of angiogenic stimulatory factors is required along with a reduction in the quantity of angiogenic inhibitory factors tumor cells produce.^[55] The cleaved and latent form of antithrombin potently inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in animal models.^[56] The prelatent form of antithrombin has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in-vitro but to date has not been tested in experimental animal models.

References[edit]

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^ ^a ^b Sas G. (1984). "Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency: biochemical aspects". Haematologia 17 (1): 81–86. PMID 6724355.
^ ^a ^b Lane DA, Olds RJ, et al. (1993). "Antithrombin III mutation database: first update. For the Thrombin and its Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". Thromb. Haemost. 70 (2): 361–369. PMID 8236149.
^ Olds RJ, Lane DA, et al. (1993). "A recurrent deletion in the antithrombin gene, AT106-108(-6 bp), identified by DNA heteroduplex detection". Genomics 16 (1): 298–299. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1184. PMID 8486379.
^ Olds RJ, Lane DA, et al. (1991). "A common point mutation producing type 1A antithrombin III deficiency: AT129 CGA to TGA (Arg to Stop)". Thromb. Res. 64 (5): 621–625. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(05)80011-8. PMID 1808766.
^ ^a ^b Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Antithrombin Mutation Database. Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
^ Blajchman MA, Austin RC, et al. (1992). "Molecular basis of inherited human antithrombin deficiency". Blood 80 (9): 2159–2171. PMID 1421387.
^ ^a ^b Thrombate III label
^ FDA website for ATryn (BL 125284)
^ ^a ^b Antithrombin (Recombinant) US Package Insert ATryn for Injection February 3, 2009
^ Mottonen J, Strand A. et al. (1992). "Structural basis of latency in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1". Nature 355 (6357): 270–273. doi:10.1038/355270a0. PMID 1731226.
^ Chang WS. and Harper PL. (1997). "Commercial antithrombin concentrate contains inactive L-forms of antithrombin". Thromb. Haemost. 77 (2): 323–328. PMID 9157590.
^ Wardell MR, Chang WS. et al. (1997). "Preparative induction and characterization of L-antithrombin: a structural homologue of latent plasminogen activator inhibitor-1". Biochemistry 36 (42): 13133–13142. doi:10.1021/bi970664u. PMID 9335576.
^ Carrell RW, Huntington JA. et al. (2001). "The conformational basis of thrombosis". Thromb. Haemost. 86 (1): 14–22. PMID 11487000.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zhou A, Huntington JA. and Carrell RW. (1999). "Formation of the antithrombin heterodimer in vivo and the onset of thrombosis". Blood 94 (10): 3388–3396. PMID 10552948.
^ Larsson H, Akerud P. et al. (2001). "A novel anti-angiogenic form of antithrombin with retained proteinase binding ability and heparin affinity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (15): 11996–12002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010170200. PMID 11278631.
^ O'Reilly MS (2007). "Antiangiogenic antithrombin". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 33 (7): 660–666. doi:10.1055/s-2007-991533. PMID 18000792.
^ O'Reilly MS, Pirie-Shepherd S, et al. (1999). "Antiangiogenic activity of the cleaved conformation of the serpin antithrombin". Science 285 (5435): 1926–1928. doi:10.1126/science.285.5435.1926. PMID 10489375.

External links[edit]

The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.018
Antithrombin III at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Antithrombin deficiency
2. 止血の概要 overview of hemostasis
3. 静脈血栓塞栓症の患者における理論的根拠と無期限の抗凝固の適応 rationale and indications for indefinite anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism
4. 先天性血栓性素因のマネージメント management of inherited thrombophilia
5. 無症候性患者における先天性血栓性素因のスクリーニング screening for inherited thrombophilia in asymptomatic individuals

English Journal

Presence of antiheparin/platelet factor 4 immunoglobulin g is associated with poor prognosis in patients with suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Park JH1, Kim JE2, Kim HK3, Han KS1.
Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis.Clin Appl Thromb Hemost.2015 Jan;21(1):66-71. doi: 10.1177/1076029613489596. Epub 2013 May 22.
The underlying inflammatory or infectious condition in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may stimulate the formation of antiheparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibody, and the resulting antibody may affect the clinical course of DIC. We investigated the prognosis of antiheparin/PF4 antibodi
PMID 23698726

Designing "high-affinity, high-specificity" glycosaminoglycan sequences through computerized modeling.

Sankaranarayanan NV1, Sarkar A, Desai UR, Mosier PD.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2015;1229:289-314. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_24.
The prediction of high-affinity and/or high-specificity protein-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions is an inherently difficult task, due to several factors including the shallow nature of the typical GAG-binding site and the inherent size, flexibility, diversity, and polydisperse nature of the GAG
PMID 25325961

Chemical modification of heparin and heparosan.

Raman K1, Kuberan B, Arungundram S.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2015;1229:31-6. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_4.
Heparin is a potent clinically used anticoagulant. It is a heterogeneous mixture of polymers that contain a variety of sulfation patterns. However, only 3-O sulfonated heparin pentasaccharide units have been proven to bind to antithrombin and elicit an anticoagulant response. Heparins with other sul
PMID 25325941

Japanese Journal

Inhibition of the prothrombinase complex on red blood cells by heparin and covalent antithrombin-heparin complex

Stevic Ivan,Chan Howard H. W.,Berry Leslie R.
The journal of biochemistry 153(1), 103-110, 2013-01
NAID 40019546578

分析装置STACIAを用いた凝固分子マーカー検査における検体保存温度・方法の影響

八戸雅孝,末石真千子,三上容子
臨床病理 : 日本臨床検査医学会誌 60(12), 1139-1144, 2012-12
NAID 40019559630

Stable complex formation between serine protease inhibitor and zymogen : coagulation factor Χ cleaves the Arg393-Ser394 bond in a reactive centre loop of antithrombin in the presence of heparin

Nakatomi Yasushi,Tsuji Manami,Gokudan Soutaro
The journal of biochemistry 152(5), 463-470, 2012-11
NAID 40019507414

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アンチトロンビンIII」「AT」「抗トロンビン」
拡張検索	「antithrombin III」「concentrated human antithrombin III」「antithrombin III deficiency syndrome」「congenital antithrombin deficiency」

「アンチトロンビンIII」

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin), member 1
	; Antithrombin monomer drawn from PDB 2ANT.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1ANT, 1ATH, 1AZX, 1BR8, 1DZG, 1DZH, 1E03, 1E04, 1E05, 1JVQ, 1LK6, 1NQ9, 1OYH, 1R1L, 1SR5, 1T1F, 1TB6, 2ANT, 2B4X, 2B5T, 2BEH, 2GD4, 2HIJ, 2ZNH, 3EVJ, 3KCG, 4EB1
Identifiers
Symbols	SERPINC1; AT3; AT3D; ATIII; THPH7
External IDs	OMIM: 107300 MGI: 88095 HomoloGene: 20139 ChEMBL: 1950 GeneCards: SERPINC1 Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• protease binding; • serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity; • protein binding; • heparin binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • plasma membrane;
Biological process	• response to nutrient; • blood coagulation; • negative regulation of endopeptidase activity; • regulation of proteolysis; • negative regulation of inflammatory response;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: antithrombin III, ATIII
同: アンチトロンビン antithrombin AT
商: アンスロビン、ノイアート、ノンスロン
関: トロンビン、抗凝固療法、血液凝固因子

概念

アンチトロンビンと同じ。
抗凝固薬であるヘパリンによって活性化される
肝臓で産生される。
約65kDaの糖タンパク質　　(c.f. アルブミン 69kDa)　ゆえに、ネフローゼ症候群の際には腎から排泄されてしまう。

生理作用

*ヘパリンと結合して活性化され、セリンプロテアーゼ活性のある蛋白質と結合しセリンプロテアーゼ活性を不可逆的に消失させる。

第Xa因子、第IXa因子の中和 (SP.509)
トロンビンの不活化。

薬剤としてのヘパリンによって活性化される。普段は血管内皮上に存在するヘパリン(heparine-like molecule)によって活性化される (BPT.88)
セリンプロテアーゼを阻害する。

トロンビン、第Xa因子、第IXa因子

検査

低値

DIC、血栓症
肝硬変、肝癌
ネフローゼ症候群
敗血症

-アンチトロンビン

-AT III

「AT」

　　[★]

「抗トロンビン」

　　[★]

英: antithrombin
関: アンチトロンビン

「antithrombin III」

　　[★]

アンチトロンビンIII AT-III AT III

「concentrated human antithrombin III」

　　[★] 乾燥濃縮ヒトアンチトロンビンIII

「antithrombin III deficiency syndrome」

　　[★] アンチトロンビンIII欠損症候群

「congenital antithrombin deficiency」

　　[★] 先天性アンチトロンビン欠損症

[bjork-1] Bjork, I; Olson, JE (1997). Antithrombin, A bloody important serpin (in Chemistry and Biology of Serpins). Plenum Press. pp. 17–33. ISBN 0-306-45698-2.

[2] Seegers WH, Johnson JF, Fell C. (1954). "An antithrombin reaction to prothrombin activation". Am. J. Physiol. 176 (1): 97–103. PMID 13124503.

[3] Yin ET, Wessler S. and Stoll PJ. (1971). "Identity of plasma-activated factor X inhibitor with antithrombin 3 and heparin cofactor". J. Biol. Chem. 246 (11): 3712–3719. PMID 4102937.

[4] Collen DJ, Schetz F. et al. (1977). "Metabolism of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) in man: Effects of venous thrombosis of heparin administration". Eur. J. Clin. Invest 7 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1977.tb01566.x. PMID 65284.

[5] Conrad J, Brosstad M. et al. (1983). "Molar antithrombin concentration in normal human plasma". Haemostasis 13 (6): 363–368. PMID 6667903.

[6] Jordan RE. (1983). "Antithrombin in vertebrate species: Conservation of the heparin-dependent anticoagulant mechanism". Arch. Biochem. Biophys 227 (2): 587–595. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(83)90488-5. PMID 6607710.

[olson-7] Olson ST, Bjork I. (1994). "Regulation of thrombin activity by antithrombin and heparin". Sem. Thromb. Hemost. 20 (4): 373–409. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1001928. PMID 7899869.

[8] Brennan SO, George PM, Jordan, RE. (1987). "Physiological variant of antithrombin-III lacks carbohydrate side-chain at Asn 135". FEBS Lett 219 (2): 431–436. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(87)80266-1. PMID 3609301.

[9] Stephens AW, Siddiqui A. and Hirs CH. (1987). "Expression of functionally active human antithrombin III". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84 (11): 3886–3890. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.11.3886. PMC 304981. PMID 3473488.

[10] Zettlmeissl G, Conradt HS. et al. (1989). "Characterization of recombinant human antithrombin III synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (35): 21153–21159. PMID 2592368.

[11] Gillespie LS, Hillesland KK and Knauer DJ. (1991). "Expression of biologically active human antithrombin III by recombinant baculovirus in Spodoptera frugiperda cells". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (6): 3995–4001. PMID 1995647.

[12] Ersdal-Badju E, Lu A. et al. (1995). "Elimination of glycosylation heterogeneity affecting heparin affinity of recombinant human antithrombin III by expression of a beta-like variant in baculovirus-infected insect cells". Biochem. J. 310 (Pt 1): 323–330. PMC 1135891. PMID 7646463.

[Whisstock-13] Whisstock JC, Pike RN. et al. (2000). "Conformational changes in serpins: II. The mechanism of activation of antithrombin by heparin". J. Mol. Biol. 301 (5): 1287–1305. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3982. PMID 10966821.

[Schechter-14] Schechter I and Berger A. (1967). "On the size of the active site in proteases. I. Papain". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27 (2): 157–162. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(67)80055-X. PMID 6035483.

[15] Persson E, Bak H and Olsen OH. (2001). "Substitution of valine for leucine 305 in factor VIIa increases the intrinsic enzymatic activity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29195–29199. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102187200. PMID 11389142.

[16] Ogston D, Murray J. and Crawford GP. (1976). "Inhibition of the activated Cls subunit of the first component of complement by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin". Thromb. Res. 9 (3): 217–222. doi:10.1016/0049-3848(76)90210-3. PMID 982345.

[17] Danielsson A and Bjork, I (1980). "Slow, spontaneous dissociation of the antithrombin-thrombin complex produces a proteolytically modified form of the inhibitor". FEBS Lett 119 (2): 241–244. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(80)80262-6. PMID 7428936.

[chang-18] Chang WS, Wardell MR. et al. (1996). "Probing serpin reactive-loop conformations by proteolytic cleavage". Biochem. J. 314 (2): 647–653. PMC 1217096. PMID 8670081.

[bedsted-19] Bedsted T, Swanson R. et al. (2003). "Heparin and calcium ions dramatically enhance antithrombin reactivity with factor IXa by generating new interaction exosites". Biochemistry. 42 (27): 8143–8152. doi:10.1021/bi034363y. PMID 12846563.

[jordan-20] Jordan RE, Oosta GM. et al. (1980). "The kinetics of hemostatic enzyme-antithrombin interactions in the presence of low molecular weight heparin". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (21): 10081–10090. PMID 6448846.

[21] Griffith MJ. (1982). "Kinetics of the heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Evidence for a template model for the mechanism of action of heparin". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (13): 7360–7365. PMID 7085630.

[22] Olson ST. and Björk I. (1991). "Predominant contribution of surface approximation to the mechanism of heparin acceleration of the antithrombin-thrombin reaction. Elucidation from salt concentration effects". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (10): 6353–6354. PMID 2007588.

[olson2-23] Olson ST, Björk I. et al. (1992). "Role of the antithrombin-binding pentasaccharide in heparin acceleration of antithrombin-proteinase reactions. Resolution of the antithrombin conformational change contribution to heparin rate enhancement". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (18): 12528–12538. PMID 1618758.

[24] Johnson DJ, Langdown J, et al. (2006). "Crystal structure of monomeric native antithrombin reveals a novel reactive center loop conformation". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (46): 35478–35486. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607204200. PMC 2679979. PMID 16973611.

[Langdown-25] Langdown J, Johnson DJ. et al. (2004). "Allosteric activation of antithrombin critically depends upon hinge region extension". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (45): 47288–47297. doi:10.1074/jbc.M408961200. PMID 15326167.

[Schreuder-26] Schreuder HA, de Boer B. et al. (1994). "The intact and cleaved human antithrombin III complex as a model for serpin-proteinase interactions". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1038/nsb0194-48. PMID 7656006.

[Carrell-27] Carrell RW, Stein PE.et al. (1994). "Biological implications of a 3 A structure of dimeric antithrombin". Structure 2 (4): 257–270. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00028-9. PMID 8087553.

[28] Petitou M, Herault JP, Bernat A, Driguez PA, et al. (1999). "Synthesis of Thrombin inhibiting Heparin mimetics without side effects". Nature 398 (6726): 417–422. doi:10.1038/18877. PMID 10201371.

[Li-29] Li W, Johnson DJ. et al. (2004). "Structure of the antithrombin-thrombin-heparin ternary complex reveals the antithrombotic mechanism of heparin". Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 (9): 857–862. doi:10.1038/nsmb811. PMID 15311269.

[mccoy-30] McCoy AJ, Pei XY. et al. (2003). "Structure of beta-antithrombin and the effect of glycosylation on antithrombin's heparin affinity and activity". J. Mol. Biol. 326 (3): 823–833. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01382-7. PMID 12581643.

[31] Turk B, Brieditis I. et al. (1997). "The oligosaccharide side chain on Asn-135 of alpha-antithrombin, absent in beta-antithrombin, decreases the heparin affinity of the inhibitor by affecting the heparin-induced conformational change". Biochemistry 36 (22): 6682–6691. doi:10.1021/bi9702492. PMID 9184148.

[32] Frebelius S, Isaksson S. and Swedenborg J. (1996). "Thrombin inhibition by antithrombin III on the subendothelium is explained by the isoform AT beta". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16 (10): 1292–1297. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.16.10.1292. PMID 8857927.

[33] van Boven HH and Lane DA. (1997). "Antithrombin and its inherited deficiency states". Semin. Hematol. 34 (3): 188–204. PMID 9241705.

[34] Maclean PS and Tait RC. (2007). "Hereditary and acquired antithrombin deficiency: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment options". Drugs 67 (10): 1429–1440. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767100-00005. PMID 17600391.

[35] Lane DA, Kunz G, et al. (1996). "Molecular genetics of antithrombin deficiency". Blood Rev. 10 (2): 59–74. doi:10.1016/S0268-960X(96)90034-X. PMID 8813337.

[36] Edeberg O. (1965). "Inherited antithrombin deficiency causing thrombophilia". Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 13: 516–530. PMID 14347873.

[37] Sas G, Petö I, et al. (1980). "Heterogeneity of the "classical" antithrombin III deficiency". Thromb. Haemost. 43 (2): 133–136. PMID 7455972.

[38] Lane DA, Olds RJ, et al. (1992). "Pleiotropic effects of antithrombin strand 1C substitution mutations". J. Clin. Invest. 90 (6): 2422–2433. doi:10.1172/JCI116133. PMC 443398. PMID 1469094.

[Lane-39] Lane DA, Olds RJ and Thein SL. (1994). "Antithrombin III: summary of first database update". Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (17): 3556–3559. PMC 308318. PMID 7937056.

[Sas-40] Sas G. (1984). "Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency: biochemical aspects". Haematologia 17 (1): 81–86. PMID 6724355.

[database1-41] Lane DA, Olds RJ, et al. (1993). "Antithrombin III mutation database: first update. For the Thrombin and its Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". Thromb. Haemost. 70 (2): 361–369. PMID 8236149.

[42] Olds RJ, Lane DA, et al. (1993). "A recurrent deletion in the antithrombin gene, AT106-108(-6 bp), identified by DNA heteroduplex detection". Genomics 16 (1): 298–299. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1184. PMID 8486379.

[43] Olds RJ, Lane DA, et al. (1991). "A common point mutation producing type 1A antithrombin III deficiency: AT129 CGA to TGA (Arg to Stop)". Thromb. Res. 64 (5): 621–625. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(05)80011-8. PMID 1808766.

[database2-44] Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Antithrombin Mutation Database. Retrieved on 2008-08-16.

[Blajchman-45] Blajchman MA, Austin RC, et al. (1992). "Molecular basis of inherited human antithrombin deficiency". Blood 80 (9): 2159–2171. PMID 1421387.

[ThrombateLabel-46] Thrombate III label

[47] FDA website for ATryn (BL 125284)

[ATrynLabel-48] Antithrombin (Recombinant) US Package Insert ATryn for Injection February 3, 2009

[49] Mottonen J, Strand A. et al. (1992). "Structural basis of latency in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1". Nature 355 (6357): 270–273. doi:10.1038/355270a0. PMID 1731226.

[50] Chang WS. and Harper PL. (1997). "Commercial antithrombin concentrate contains inactive L-forms of antithrombin". Thromb. Haemost. 77 (2): 323–328. PMID 9157590.

[51] Wardell MR, Chang WS. et al. (1997). "Preparative induction and characterization of L-antithrombin: a structural homologue of latent plasminogen activator inhibitor-1". Biochemistry 36 (42): 13133–13142. doi:10.1021/bi970664u. PMID 9335576.

[52] Carrell RW, Huntington JA. et al. (2001). "The conformational basis of thrombosis". Thromb. Haemost. 86 (1): 14–22. PMID 11487000.

[Zhou-53] Zhou A, Huntington JA. and Carrell RW. (1999). "Formation of the antithrombin heterodimer in vivo and the onset of thrombosis". Blood 94 (10): 3388–3396. PMID 10552948.

[54] Larsson H, Akerud P. et al. (2001). "A novel anti-angiogenic form of antithrombin with retained proteinase binding ability and heparin affinity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (15): 11996–12002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010170200. PMID 11278631.

[55] O'Reilly MS (2007). "Antiangiogenic antithrombin". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 33 (7): 660–666. doi:10.1055/s-2007-991533. PMID 18000792.

[56] O'Reilly MS, Pirie-Shepherd S, et al. (1999). "Antiangiogenic activity of the cleaved conformation of the serpin antithrombin". Science 285 (5435): 1926–1928. doi:10.1126/science.285.5435.1926. PMID 10489375.

匿名

検索

案内

antithrombin