WordNet

having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; "an associate member"; "an associate professor"
a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor; "he had to consult his associate before continuing"
a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; "associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners"
any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another; "first was the lightning and then its thunderous associate"
make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all" (同)tie_in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill microorganisms and cure bacterial infections; "when antibiotics were first discovered they were called wonder drugs" (同)antibiotic drug
of or relating to antibiotic drugs
frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor (同)diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels, looseness

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人〉'を'(…の)『仲間に加える』,(…に)連合させる《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)…'を'結びつけて考える(起こす)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)『仲間になる』,交際する《+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)合体する,提携する《+『with』+『名』》 / 『仲間』,『同僚』;組合員 / 準会員 / 付属物;連想されるもの / 連合した;仲間の,同僚の / 補助の,準…
抗生物質(ペニシリン,ストレプトマイシンなど) / 抗生[物質]の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/03 07:18:20」(JST)

wiki en

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. Microbiota alteration changes carbohydrate metabolism with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile. It is defined as frequent loose and watery stools with no other complications.^[1]

Meta-analyses have concluded that probiotics may protect against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both children and adults.^[2] Evidence is insufficient however regarding an effect on rates of Clostridium difficile.^[3]

However, citing conflicting data in the studies, other sources claim that the use of probiotics has failed thus far to meet the standard of medical care required for evidence-based medicine.^[4]^[5]^[6] Demonstration of the efficacy of probiotics is needed by randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trials.

Efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.^[7]^[8] Up to a 50% reduction of AAD occurrence has been found.^[9] No side-effects have been reported in any of these studies. Caution should, however, be exercised when administering probiotic supplements to immunocompromised individuals or patients who have a compromised intestinal barrier because of the risk of a infection caused by the probiotic supplements.

Clostridium difficile, also known more commonly as C. diff, is known to account for 10 to 20 percent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases. The reasoning for this, is that the antibiotics administered for the treatment of certain diseases processes such as inflammatory colitis also inadvertently kills a large portion of the gut flora, the normal flora that is usually present within the bowel. With this lower amount of "healthy" bacteria present, the overgrowth of C. diff is then responsible "for elaborating the enterotoxin." ^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Allan B. Wolfson, ed. (2005). Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (4th ed.). p. 400. ISBN 0-7817-5125-X.
^ Hempel, S; Newberry, SJ; Maher, AR; Wang, Z; Miles, JN; Shanman, R; Johnsen, B; Shekelle, PG (May 9, 2012). "Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 307 (18): 1959–69. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3507. PMID 22570464.
^ Pillai, A; Nelson, R (Jan 23, 2008). "Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD004611. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004611.pub2. PMID 18254055.
^ Dendukuri, N.; Brophy, J. (2007). "Inappropriate use of meta-analysis to estimate efficacy of probiotics". The American journal of gastroenterology 102 (1): 201; author reply 202–4. PMID 17278265.
^ Lewis, S. (2007). "Letters to the Editor". The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102 (1): 201–202. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.00916.x. PMID 17266694.
^ Sartor RS. "Probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases." In: Basow DS, editor. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2010.
^ Doron, S. I.; Hibberd, P. L.; Gorbach, S. L. (2008). "Probiotics for Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42: S58–S63. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7. PMID 18542041.
^ Surawicz, C. M. (2008). "Role of Probiotics in Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea, and Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42: S64–S70. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09. PMID 18545161.
^ Sazawal, S; Hiremath, G; Dhingra, U; Malik, P; Deb, S; Black, RE (June 2006). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials.". The Lancet infectious diseases 6 (6): 374–82. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9. PMID 16728323.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 消化器疾患に対するプロバイオティクス probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases
2. 成人におけるクロストリジウム・ディフィシル感染症：臨床症状および診断 clostridium difficile infection in adults clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. Clostridium difficile infection in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
4. 小児におけるクロストリジウムディフィシル感染：微生物学、病因、および疫学 clostridium difficile infection in children microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology
5. クロストリジウム・ディフィシルとプロバイオティクス clostridium difficile and probiotics

English Journal

Yogurt for treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Patro-Golab B1, Shamir R2, Szajewska H3.
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.).Nutrition.2015 Jun;31(6):796-800. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.013. Epub 2014 Dec 19.
OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common complication in individuals treated with antibiotics. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of yogurt consumption for the prevention of AAD.METHODS: In this systematic review, a number of databases including MED
PMID 25933485

From yaks to yogurt: the history, development, and current use of probiotics.

McFarland LV1.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2015 May 15;60 Suppl 2:S85-90. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ054.
The development of probiotics, which are living bacteria or yeasts used to confer a health benefit on the host, has paralleled our research in food preservation, microbiologic identification techniques, and our understanding of how the complex interactions in microbiota impact the host's health and
PMID 25922406

Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 (Bio-K+): Characterization, Manufacture, Mechanisms of Action, and Quality Control of a Specific Probiotic Combination for Primary Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection.

Auclair J1, Frappier M1, Millette M1.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2015 May 15;60 Suppl 2:S135-43. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ179.
A specific probiotic formulation composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 (Bio-K+) has been marketed in North America since 1996. The strains and the commercial products have been evaluated for safety, identity, gastrointestinal survi
PMID 25922399

Japanese Journal

Helicobacter pylori感染症の2次除菌治療後に出血性大腸炎を発症した3例

池上玲一,神谷和則,岩重弘文
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 68(6), 419-424, 2015
… 2年間にHelicobacter pylori（以下，H.pylori）感染症に対し，Metronidazole を用いた2次除菌治療を行った症例は314例であった．そのうち3例が抗生物質起因性出血性大腸炎（antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis：以下，AAHC）を発症した．症例1は58歳女性，症例2は54歳男性，症例3は59歳女性で，全例2次除菌治療終了後に腹痛，血性下痢にて発症した．大腸内視鏡検査または腹部CT検査にて …
NAID 130005072923

C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETEにおけるGDH抗原検出の有用性評価

西尾美津留,宮木祐輝,小川有里子
医学検査 63(5), 635-639, 2014
C. difficile関連下痢症（CDAD）の診断は，一般的に糞便中の毒素検出により行われるが，検出感度は十分でなくC. difficile感染症（CDI）の一部は見落とされている．今回我々はC. difficile抗原（GDH抗原）とToxinA，ToxinBが同時検出可能な迅速キットC. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE（QUIK CHEK：アリーアメディカル）におけるGDH抗 …
NAID 130004709180

ホスホマイシン経口投与にて惹起された抗生物質起因性出血性大腸炎の1例

楠本智章,大谷英之,浜本哲郎,堀立明,鶴原一郎,周防武昭,元井信
日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 55(2), 294-299, 2013
ホスホマイシン（以下，FOM）は，多くの腸管感染症に対して投与される薬剤である．今回，FOMが起因薬剤と考えられた抗生物質起因性出血性大腸炎の1例を経験した．症例は30歳代の男性．腹痛と血便を主訴に来院．来院4日前に他院にてFOMを投与されていた．腹部CTにて盲腸～S状結腸にかけて壁肥厚を認め，大腸内視鏡検査では発赤を伴う浮腫状粘膜が広がっていた．便培養でKlebsiella oxytoca（以下 …
NAID 130003375256