animal bite

動物咬傷

WordNet

1. a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person
2. penetrate or cut, as with a knife; "The fork bit into the surface"
3. the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws (同)chomp
4. a portion removed from the whole; "the governments weekly bite from my paycheck"
5. a light informal meal (同)collation, snack
6. (angling) an instance of a fish taking the bait; "after fishing for an hour he still had not had a bite"
7. to grip, cut off, or tear with or as if with the teeth or jaws; "Gunny invariably tried to bite her" (同)seize with teeth
8. cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort; "The sun burned his face" (同)sting, burn
9. a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states; "there are 8 bits in a byte"
10. piece of metal held in horses mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding; "the horse was not accustomed to a bit"
11. the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press; "he looked around for the right size bit"
12. the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
13. a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" (同)chip, flake, fleck, scrap
14. a living organism characterized by voluntary movement (同)animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
15. marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" (同)carnal, fleshly, sensual
16. causing a sharply painful or stinging sensation; used especially of cold; "bitter cold"; "a biting wind" (同)bitter
17. (Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …'を'『かむ』,かじる,くわえる / 〈虫が〉…'を'刺す,食う / 〈こしょうなどが〉…'を'刺激する;〈寒さが〉…‘に'しみる;〈霜が〉…'を'いためる;〈酸が〉…'を'腐食す / る / 〈歯車や機械などが〉…‘に'かみ合う;〈刃物などが〉…‘に'切り(食い)込む / かむ;かみつく;〈魚が〉えさに食いつく / 〈寒さが〉しみる;〈こしょうなどが〉刺激する;〈言葉などが〉(…に)食い込む《+『into』+『名』) / (歯車などが)かみ合う,空回りしない / 『かむこと』,食いつくこと;(釣りで,魚の)食い / 〈C〉(食べ物の)1口[分]《+『of』+『名』》;《話》軽い食事 / 〈C〉かみ傷,(虫などの)刺した跡 / 〈U〉ぴっとする刺激;辛み;(傷の)痛み;激痛 / 〈U〉(機械などの)かみ合い
2. (…の)『小片』,少量,少し(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《a~》《話》わずかの時間,しばらく;ちよっと,少し / 《米俗》12セント半;《英》小銭 / =bit part
3. (くつわの)はみ / 錐(きり)の先;(かんなの)刃 / (かぎの)かかり / 〈馬〉‘に'はみをふくませる,はみに慣れさせる
4. bitの過去・過去分詞
5. ビット(電算機の情報量の基本単位)
6. (植物に対して)『動物』 / (人間以外の)『動物』,けだもの / (魚・鳥などに対して)哺乳動物(mammal) / けだもの(野獣)のような人 / (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》動物の,動物性の,動物質の / (知的・精神的に対して)動物的な;肉欲的な
7. 鋭い,痛烈な(sharp) / 膚を刺すような(cutting)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/25 22:51:06」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the wound. For the action, see Biting. For other uses, see Bite (disambiguation).

Bite
Classification and external resources
Military working dog training to attack by biting.
ICD-10	T14.1
ICD-9	E906.5
MedlinePlus	000034
MeSH	D001733

A bite is a wound received from the mouth (and in particular, the teeth) of an animal, including humans. Animals may bite in self-defense, in an attempt to predate food, as well as part of normal interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently unprovoked. Self-inflicted bites occur in some genetic illnesses such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Biting is an act that occurs when an animal uses its teeth to pierce another object, including food, flesh and inanimate matter. A person bitten by an animal potentially carrying parvovirus or rabies virus should consult a medical doctor immediately. An animal bite victim may also incur serious bacterial infections of the bone called osteomyelitis which can become life threatening if untreated, whether or not the animal has parvovirus or rabies virus.

Classification

A mosquito bite

Bites are usually classified by the type of creature causing the wound. Many different creatures are known to bite humans.

Arthropods

• Spider bite
• Insect bites and stings
  • Flea bites are responsible for the transmission of bubonic plague.
  • Mosquito bites are responsible for the transmission of dengue fever and malaria.

Vertebrates other than humans

• Bites from dogs are commonplace, with children the most common victims and the face the most common target. About 4.7 million dog bites are reported annually in the United States.
• Other companion animals, including cats, ferrets, and parrots, may bite humans.
• Wildlife may sometimes bite humans. The bites of various mammals such as bats, rabbits, wolves, raccoons, etc. may transmit rabies, which is almost always fatal if left untreated.^{[citation needed]}

Involuntary biting injuries due to closed-fist injuries from fists striking teeth (referred to as reverse bite injuries) are a common consequence of fist fights. These have been termed "fight bites". Injuries in which the knuckle joints or tendons of the hand are bitten into tend to be the most serious.

In spite of their name, love bites are not biting injuries (they involve bruising from sucking, and the skin is not broken), although actual biting injuries are sometimes seen as the result of fetishistic activities.

Other

• Snakebite
• Leech bite

Signs and symptoms

Bite wounds raise a number of medical concerns for the physician or first aider including:

• Generalized tissue damage due to tearing and scratching.
• Serious hemorrhage if major blood vessels are pierced.
• Infection by bacteria or other pathogens, including rabies.
• Introduction of venom into the wound by venomous animals such as some snakes.
• Introduction of other irritants into the wound, causing inflammation and itching.

Treatment

Bite wounds should be cleaned and debrided as necessary but not closed. Ampicillin/sulbactam is indicated as HACEK endocarditis, specifically Eikenella, is the most worrying complication. A punctate wound over a joint surface should be regarded as an open joint injury until proven otherwise.

Treatment

Bite wounds are washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water. The injury is then loosely bandaged, but is not sutured due to risk of infection.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics prophylaxis is recommended for dog and cat bites of the hand and human bites if they are more than superficial. Evidence for the need for antibiotic prophylaxis for bites in other areas inconclusive.

For empirical therapy, the first choice is amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and if the person is penicillin allergy doxycycline and metronidazole. The anti-staphylococcal penicillins (e.g., cloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin) and the macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin) are not used for empirical therapy, because they do not cover Pasteurella species.

Rabies

Animal bites inflicted by some animals, including carnivorans and bats can transmit rabies. The animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, so the head can later be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behavior, and red eyes.

If the animal cannot be captured, prophylactic rabies treatment is recommended in most places. Certain places, such as Hawaii, Australia and the United Kingdom, are known not to have native rabies. Treatment is generally available in North America and the Northern European states.

Tetanus

Tetanus toxoid is indicated for virtually any bite that punctures the epidermis and tetanus immune globulin is indicated in patients with more than 10 years since prior vaccination. Tetanus boosters (Td) should be given every ten years.

Prior toxoid	Clean minor wounds	All other wounds
<3 doses	TT: yes, TIG: no	TT: yes, TIG: yes
≥3 doses	TT: if last dose ≥ 10yr TIG: no	TT: if last dose ≥ 5yr, TIG: no

TT = Tetanus Toxoid; TIG: Tetanus Immune globulin

Mosquito bites

Main article: Insect bites and stings

Antihistamines are effective treatment for the symptoms from bites. Many diseases such as malaria are transmitted by mosquitoes.

See also

• Bite force quotient
• Wilderness first aid

References

External links

• Treating human bites
• Human bite wounds - Orthopaedia.com

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 動物およびヒトによる咬傷の初期マネージメント initial management of animal and human bites
• 2. イヌおよびネコの咬傷による軟部組織感染 soft tissue infections due to dog and cat bites
• 3. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
• 4. 手指感染の概要 overview of hand infections
• 5. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats

English Journal

• The within-host dynamics of African trypanosome infections.

• Matthews KR1, McCulloch R2, Morrison LJ3.
• Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Aug 19;370(1675). pii: 20140288. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0288.
• African trypanosomes are single-celled protozoan parasites that are capable of long-term survival while living extracellularly in the bloodstream and tissues of mammalian hosts. Prolonged infections are possible because trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation-the expression of a large repertoire of
• PMID 26150654

• Chikungunya virus pathogenesis: from bedside to bench.

• Couderc T1, Lecuit M2.
• Antiviral research.Antiviral Res.2015 Jul 6. pii: S0166-3542(15)00165-5. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.002. [Epub ahead of print]
• Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by mosquito bite. A decade ago, the virus caused a major outbreak in the islands of the Indian Ocean, then reached India and Southeast Asia. More recently, CHIKV has emerged in the Americas, first reaching the Caribbean and now extendin
• PMID 26159730

• Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 2 WHO prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases.

• Narayana A1, Manoharan A, Narayan MS, Kalappa SM, Biligumba G, Haradanahalli R, Anand AM.
• Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics.Hum Vaccin Immunother.2015 Jul 3;11(7):1748-53. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1048938.
• The currently advocated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are of one month duration with reduced patient compliance. WHO recommended research on shortened vaccination regimens which have a practical and economic advantage over the existing regimens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to
• PMID 26083005

Japanese Journal

• Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana

• Nakayima Jesca,Nakao Ryo,Alhassan Andy,Mahama Charles,Afakye Kofi,Sugimoto Chihiro
• Parasites & Vectors 5, 217, 2012-10-01
• … Background: African trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. … brucei gambiense, while African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused mainly by T. …
• NAID 120004979509

• 動物咬傷による感染症の治療 (特集 外来診療における正しい抗菌薬の使用)

• 菅沼 明彦
• 日本医師会雑誌 141(5), 1033-1036, 2012-08
• NAID 40019362547

• チベット高原南部高山野草地における暖季と寒季放牧地でのヤクの行動

• 曹 旭敏,長谷川 信美,宋 仁徳,李 国梅,孫 軍,Cao Xumin,Hasegawa Nobumi,Song Rende,Li Guomei,Sun Jun,ハセガワ ノブミ
• 日本暖地畜産学会報 55(1), 9-15, 2012-03
• … The bite number per patch in foraging behaviour was not significantly different among the observation periods (p>0.05). … Bite rate in a patch and number of steps between patches were significantly greater in WSGP (W09 and W10) than that in CSGP (C8) (p<0.001). … Number of feeding station (FS) per patch was greater in C08 than in W09 and foraging time per FS was greater in C08 than in W09, but bite number per FS was smaller in C08 than in W10 (p<0.05). …
• NAID 120005430179

Related Links

• Animal bites - Evidence-Based Clinical Decision Support at ...

Animal bites are a common problem in the United States, with two to five million occurring each year. Children are bitten more often than adults. The vast majority of animal bites are caused by dogs (85 to 90 percent), with the ...

• First Aid: Animal Bites - KidsHealth - the Web's most visited ...

Animal bites and scratches that break the skin can cause infection. Rarely, animal bites can cause rabies, a dangerous, life-threatening disease. ... Animal bites and scratches that break the skin can sometimes cause infection.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「動物咬傷」
拡張検索	「animal bites」
関連記事	「bite」「bit」「animal」「biting」

「動物咬傷」

　　[★]

英

animal bite, animal bites

関

咬傷、犬咬創

[show details]

動物咬創 : 約 242 件
動物咬傷 : 約 7,950 件

研修医当直御法度 第5版 p.239

• [[]]
• [[]]

「animal bites」

　　[★] animal bite 動物咬傷 動物咬創

「bite」

　　[★]

• n.

• 咬傷、咬刺傷、かみつき

• v.

• (過去bit-過去分詞bit/bitten)かみつく

関

bites and stings、biting、sting

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「bit」

　　[★]

• n.

• ビット、少し

関

a few、a little、slight、slightly、some

• bite

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「animal」

　　[★]

• n.

• 動物

• adj.

• 動物性の

関

Animalia、animality

　 　 　

「biting」

　　[★]

• n.

• かみつき

関

bite