出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/05 06:15:53」(JST)
| Animal bite | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
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Military working dog training to attack by biting
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| ICD-10 | T14.1 |
| ICD-9 | E906.5 |
| MedlinePlus | 000034 |
| MeSH | D001733 |
An animal bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal, including humans. Animals may bite in self-defence, in an attempt to prey one food, and as part of normal interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently unprovoked. Self-inflicted bites occur in some genetic illnesses, such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Biting is an act that occurs when an animal uses its teeth to pierce another object, including food, flesh, and inanimate matter. A person bitten by an animal potentially carrying parvovirus or rabies virus should consult a medical doctor immediately. An animal bite victim may also incur serious bacterial infections of the bone called osteomyelitis which can become life-threatening if untreated, whether or not the animal has parvovirus or rabies virus.
Bite wounds can cause a number of signs and symptoms
Bites are usually classified by the type of creature causing the wound. Many different creatures are known to bite humans.
Involuntary biting injuries due to closed-fist injuries from fists striking teeth (referred to as reverse bite injuries) are a common consequence of fist fights. These have been termed "fight bites". Injuries in which the knuckle joints or tendons of the hand are bitten into tend to be the most serious.
In spite of their name, love bites are not biting injuries (they involve bruising from sucking, and the skin is not broken), although actual biting injuries are sometimes seen as the result of fetishistic activities.
Initial treatment includes washing the bite wound.[3] If there is a low risk of infection the wound may be sutured.[3]
Antibiotics to prevent infection are recommended for dog and cat bites of the hand,[4] and human bites if they are more than superficial.[5] They are also recommended in those who have poor immune function.[3] Evidence for antibiotics to prevent infection in bites in other areas is not clear.[6]
The first choice is amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and if the person is penicillin-allergic, doxycycline and metronidazole.[5] The antistaphylococcal penicillins (e.g., cloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin) and the macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin) are not used for empirical therapy, because they do not cover Pasteurella species.[5]
Animal bites inflicted by some animals, including carnivorans and bats, can transmit rabies. The animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, so the head can later be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behavior, and red eyes.
If the animal cannot be captured, prophylactic rabies treatment is recommended in most places. Certain places, such as Hawaii, Australia, and the United Kingdom, are known not to have native rabies. Treatment is generally available in North America and the Northern European states.
Tetanus toxoid is recommended in those whose vaccinations are not up to date and have a bite that punctures the skin.[3] Tetanus immune globulin is indicated in people with more than 10 years since prior vaccination. Tetanus boosters (Td) should be given every ten years.
| Prior toxoid | Clean minor wounds | All other wounds |
| < 3 doses | TT: yes, TIG: no | TT: yes, TIG: yes |
| ≥ 3 doses | TT: if last dose ≥ 10yr TIG: no |
TT: if last dose ≥ 5yr, TIG: no |
TT = tetanus toxoid; TIG: tetanus immune globulin
Antihistamines are effective treatment for the symptoms from bites.[7] Many diseases such as malaria are transmitted by mosquitoes.
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bites. |
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| リンク元 | 「sting」「かみつき」「咬合」「咬刺傷」「かみつく」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「bitemporal hemianopia」 |
| 関連記事 | 「bit」「biting」 |