perform mathematical and logical operations on (data) according to programmed instructions in order to obtain the required information; "The results of the elections were still being processed when he gave his acceptance speech"
a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls" (同)physical process
(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; "the process of thinking"; "the cognitive operation of remembering" (同)cognitive_process, mental_process, operation, cognitive operation
a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process" (同)outgrowth, appendage
a mental process that you are not directly aware of; "the process of denial" (同)unconscious process
subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition; "process cheese"; "process hair"; "treat the water so it can be drunk"; "treat the lawn with chemicals" ; "treat an oil spill" (同)treat
deal with in a routine way; "Ill handle that one"; "process a loan"; "process the applicants"
pertaining to the tiny air sacs of the lungs
pertaining to the sockets of the teeth or that part of the upper jaw; "alveolar processes"
preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals"
subjected to a special process or treatment; "prepared ergot"; "processed cheeses are easy to spread"
prepared or converted from a natural state by subjecting to a special process; "processed ores"
Left maxilla. Outer surface. (Alveolar process visible at bottom.)
Cartilages of the nose, seen from below. (Alveolar process of maxilla visible at bottom.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
os alveolaris
TA
A02.1.12.035
FMA
52897
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The alveolar process (/ælˈviːələr/[1]) (also called the alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible.[2] The curved part of each alveolar process on the jaw is called the alveolar arch.
Contents
1Structure
2Composition[4]
3Clinical significance
3.1Alveolar bone loss
3.2Developmental disturbances
3.3Pathology
3.4Alveolar bone grafting
4Additional images
5References
6External links
Structure
On the maxilla, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae.
The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament (PDL), called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs. It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament. It is uniformly radiopaque (or lighter). Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions.
The alveolar process has a supporting bone, both of which have the same components: fibers, cells, intercellular substances, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
The alveolar process is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus (plural, alveoli). Although the alveolar process is composed of compact bone, it may be called the cribriform plate because it contains numerous holes where Volkmann canals pass from the alveolar bone into the PDL. The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone[citation needed] because Sharpey fibers, a part of the fibers of the PDL, are inserted here. Similar to those of the cemental surface, Sharpey fibers in alveolar bone proper are each inserted at 90 degrees, or at a right angle, but are fewer in number, although thicker in diameter than those present in cementum. As in cellular cementum, Sharpey fibers in bone are generally mineralized only partially at their periphery.
The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone proper. In a healthy situation, the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) by approximately 1.5 to 2 mm.[2] The alveolar crests of neighboring teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw in healthy situation.[3]
The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical bone and trabecular bone. The cortical bone, or cortical plates, consists of plates of compact bone on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone. These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth, but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth.[2] The trabecular bone consists of cancellous bone that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates of cortical bone. The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is the interdental septum (or interdental bone).[3]
Composition[4]
Inorganic matrix
Alveolar bone is 67% inorganic material by weight. The inorganic material is composed mainly of the mineral’s calcium and phosphate. The mineral content is mostly in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals.
Organic matrix
The remaining alveolar bone is organic material (33%). The organic material consists of collagen and non-collagenous material. The cellular component of bone consists of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts are usually cuboidal and slightly elongated in shape. They synthesise both collagenous ad non-collagenous bone proteins. These cells have a high level of alkaline phosphatase on the outer surface of their plasma membrane. The functions of osteoblasts are bone formation by synthesising the organic matrix of bone, cell to cell communication and maintenance of bone matrix.
Osteocytes are modified osteoblasts which become entrapped in lacunae during the secretion of bone matrix. The osteocytes have processes called canaliculi that radiate from the lacunae. These canaliculi bring oxygen and nutrients to the osteocytes through blood and remove metabolic waste products.
Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells. They are found in Howship’s lacunae.
Clinical significance
Alveolar bone loss
Bone is lost through the process of resorption which involves osteoclasts breaking down the hard tissue of bone. A key indication of resorption is when scalloped erosion occurs. This is also known as Howship’s lacuna.[5] The resorption phase lasts as long as the lifespan of the osteoclast which is around 8 to 10 days. After this resorption phase, the osteoclast can continue resorbing surfaces in another cycle or carry out apoptosis. A repair phase follows the resorption phase which lasts over 3 months. In patients with periodontal disease, inflammation lasts longer and during the repair phase, resorption may override any bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.[6]
Alveolar bone loss is closely associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the gums. Studies in osteoimmunology have proposed 2 models for alveolar bone loss. One model states that inflammation is triggered by a periodontal pathogen and which activates the acquired immune system to inhibit bone coupling by limiting new bone formation after resorption.[7] Another model states that cytokinesis that may inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts from their precursors therefore limiting bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.[8]
Developmental disturbances
The developmental disturbance of anodontia (or hypodontia, if only one tooth), in which tooth germs are congenitally absent, may affect the development of the alveolar processes. This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing. Proper development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area.[3]
Pathology
After extraction of a tooth, the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone, which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone. However, with the partial or total loss of teeth, the alveolar process undergoes resorption. The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected, however, because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable. The loss of alveolar bone, coupled with attrition of the teeth, causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation. The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions.[3]
The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation, as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia. In addition, the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most convenient areas of bony fracture to be used, if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth.[3]
During chronic periodontal disease that has affected the periodontium (periodontitis), localized bone tissue is also lost.
Alveolar bone grafting
Alveolar bone grafting in the mixed dentition is an essential part of the reconstructive journey for cleft lip and palate patients. The reconstruction of the alveolar cleft can provide both aesthetic and practical advantages to the patient.[9] Alveolar bone grafting can also bring about the following benefits: stabilisation of the maxillary arch; aid of eruption of the canine and sometimes lateral incisor eruption; offering bony support to the teeth lying next to the cleft; elevate the alar base of the nose; aid sealing of oro-nasal fistula; permit insertion of a titanium fixture in the grafted region and achieve good periodontal conditions within and next to the cleft.[10] The timing of the alveolar bone grafting takes into consideration both eruption of the canine and lateral incisor. The optimal time for bone grafting surgery is when a thin shell of bone still covers the soon erupting lateral incisor or canine tooth close to the cleft.[10]
Primary bone grafting: Primary bone grafting is believed to: eliminate bone deficiency, stabilize pre-maxilla, synthesize new bone matrix for eruption of teeth in the cleft area and augment the alar base. However, the early bone grafting procedure is abandoned in most cleft lip and palate centres around the world due to many disadvantages, including serious growth disturbances of the middle third of the facial skeleton. The operative technique that involves the vomero-premaxillary suture was found to inhibit maxillary growth.[10]
Secondary bone grafting: Secondary bone grafting, also referred to as bone grafting in the mixed dentition, became a well-established procedure after abandoning primary bone grafting. The pre-requisites include precise timing, operating technique, and acceptably vascularized soft tissue. The advantages of primary bone grafting, which are allowing tooth eruption through the grafted bone, are retained. Furthermore, secondary bone grafting stabilizes the maxillary arch, thus enhancing the conditions for prosthodontic treatment such as crowns, bridges and implants. It also aids eruption of teeth, boosting the amount of bony tissue on the alveolar crest, permitting orthodontic treatment. Bony support to teeth adjacent to the cleft is a pre-requisite for orthodontic closure of the teeth in the cleft region. Hence, better hygienic conditions will be achieved which helps to lessen formation of caries and periodontal inflammation. Speech problems caused by irregular positioning of articulators, or leakage of air via the oronasal communication, may also be improved. Secondary bone grafting can also be used to augment the alar base of the nose to achieve symmetry with the non-cleft side, thereby enhancing facial appearance.[10]
Late secondary bone grafting: Bone grafting has a lower success rate when performed after canine has erupted as compared to before the eruption. It has been found that the possibility for orthodontic closure of the cleft in the dental arch is smaller in patients grafted before canine eruption than those after the canine eruption. The surgical procedure includes drilling of several small openings through the cortical layer into the cancellous layer, facilitating growth of blood vessels into the graft.[10]
Additional images
This X-ray film reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible. The associated teeth exhibit poor crown-to-root ratios and may be subject to secondary occlusal trauma.
Alveolar process
Alveolar process of maxilla
Alveolar part of mandible
References
^Entry "alveolar" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
^ abcdeIllustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 176
^Shalu, Bathla (2017-04-30). Textbook of periodontics / Shalu Bathla ; foreword SG Damle. Damle, S. G. (First ed.). New Delhi. ISBN 978-9386261731. OCLC 971599883.
^Bar-Shavit, Zvi (2007-12-01). "The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 102 (5): 1130–1139. doi:10.1002/jcb.21553. ISSN 0730-2312. PMID 17955494.
^R., Garant, Philias (2003). Oral cells and tissues. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0867154290. OCLC 51892824.
^Leone, Cataldo W.; Bokhadhoor, Haneen; Kuo, David; Desta, Tesfahun; Yang, Julia; Siqueira, Michelle F.; Amar, Salomon; Graves, Dana T. (April 2006). "Immunization enhances inflammation and tissue destruction in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis". Infection and Immunity. 74 (4): 2286–2292. doi:10.1128/IAI.74.4.2286-2292.2006. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 1418897. PMID 16552059.
^Graves, D.T.; Li, J.; Cochran, D.L. (2011). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". Journal of Dental Research. 90 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1177/0022034510385236. PMC 3144100. PMID 21135192.
^Coots, Bradley K. (November 2012). "Alveolar bone grafting: past, present, and new horizons". Seminars in Plastic Surgery. 26 (4): 178–183. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1333887. ISSN 1535-2188. PMC 3706037. PMID 24179451.
^ abcdeLilja, Jan (October 2009). "Alveolar bone grafting". Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery: Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India. 42 Suppl (3): S110–115. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.57200. ISSN 1998-376X. PMC 2825060. PMID 19884665. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons License.
External links
Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton/alveolarprocess
"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1". Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
Diagram at case.edu
v
t
e
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)
Anatomy
Periodontium
Alveolar bone
Biologic width
Bundle bone
Cementum
Free gingival margin
Gingiva
Gingival fibers
Gingival sulcus
Junctional epithelium
Mucogingival junction
Periodontal ligament
Sulcular epithelium
Stippling
Disease
Diagnoses
Chronic periodontitis
Localized aggressive periodontitis
Generalized aggressive periodontitis
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
Periodontosis
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Abscesses of the periodontium
Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
Infection
A. actinomycetemcomitans
Capnocytophaga sp.
F. nucleatum
P. gingivalis
P. intermedia
T. forsythia
T. denticola
Red complex
Entamoeba gingivalis
Trichomonas tenax
Other
Calculus
Clinical attachment loss
Edentulism
Fremitus
Furcation defect
Gingival enlargement
Gingival pocket
Gingival recession
Gingivitis
Horizontal bony defect
Linear gingival erythema
Occlusal trauma
Periodontal pocket
Periodontal disease
Periodontitis
Plaque
Vertical bony defect
Treatment and prevention
Periodontal examination
Ante's law
Brushing
Bleeding on probing
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Flossing
Hydrogen peroxide
Mouthwash
Oral hygiene
Tetracycline
Triclosan
Host modulatory therapy
Treatment
Conventional therapy
Debridement
Scaling and root planing
Full mouth disinfection
Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
Surgery
Apically positioned flap
Bone graft
Coronally positioned flap
Crown lengthening
Open flap debridement
Gingival graft
Gingivectomy
Guided bone regeneration
Guided tissue regeneration
Enamel matrix derivative
Implant placement
Lateral pedicle graft
Pocket reduction surgery
Socket preservation
Sinus lift
Subepithelial connective tissue graft
Tools
Curette
Membrane
Probe
Scaler
Important personalities
Tomas Albrektsson
Frank Beube
Per-Ingvar Brånemark
Robert Gottsegen
Gary Greenstein
Jan Lindhe
Brian Mealey
Preston D. Miller
Willoughby D. Miller
Carl E. Misch
John Mankey Riggs
Jay Seibert
Jørgen Slots
Paul Roscoe Stillman
Dennis P. Tarnow
Hom-Lay Wang
James Leon Williams
W. J. Younger
Other specialties
Endodontology
Orthodontology
Prosthodontology
v
t
e
The facial skeleton of the skull
Maxilla
Surfaces
Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa)
Infraorbital foramen
Orbital bones
Anterior nasal spine
Infratemporal: Alveolar canals
Maxillary tuberosity
Orbital: Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital canal
Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes
Zygomatic process
Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest)
Alveolar process
Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
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5. 肺の高分解能CT high resolution computed tomography of the lungs
English Journal
Lipid oxidation in baked products: Impact of formula and process on the generation of volatile compounds.
Maire M, Rega B, Cuvelier ME, Soto P, Giampaoli P.SourceAgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 avenue des Olympiades, F-91300 Massy, France; INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 avenue des Olympiades, F-91300 Massy, France.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Dec 15;141(4):3510-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.039. Epub 2013 Jun 19.
This paper investigates the effect of ingredients on the reactions occurring during the making of sponge cake and leading to the generation of volatile compounds related to flavour quality. To obtain systems sensitive to lipid oxidation (LO), a formulation design was applied varying the composition
Hypoxia-Induced Inhibition of ENaC in the Lung: Role of Nedd4-2 and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway.
Gille T, Randrianarison-Pellan N, Goolaerts A, Dard N, Uzunhan Y, Ferrary E, Hummler E, Clerici C, Planès C.SourceUniversité Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 2363, Dpt of Physiology, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, Bobigny, France, F-93017, 0033148955638, 0033148955632 ; thomas.gille@avc.aphp.fr.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol.2013 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Transepithelial sodium transport via alveolar epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) and Na+,K+-ATPase constitutes the driving force for removal of alveolar edema fluid. Alveolar hypoxia associated with pulmonary edema may impair ENaC activity and alveolar Na+ absorption through a decrease of ENaC subunit e
Relationship between alveolar nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air and small airway function in COPD.
Hirano T, Matsunaga K, Sugiura H, Minakata Y, Koarai A, Akamatsu K, Ichikawa T, Furukawa K, Ichinose M.SourceThird Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
Journal of breath research.J Breath Res.2013 Oct 4;7(4):046002. [Epub ahead of print]
Nitrative stress is thought to be involved in the inflammatory process in COPD airways, and the alveolar nitric oxide concentration (CAlv) has been reported to be increased. However, the CAlv levels are also regulated by gas diffusion at alveolar sites. The aim of the study was to assess the relatio
The Effect of Insulin Administration and Antibacterial Irrigation with Chlorhexidine Gluconate on the Disturbance of Periodontal Tissue Caused by Food Impaction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
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The alveolar process (alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly ...
Noun, 1. alveolar process - a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth. alveolar ridge, gum ridge · tooth socket, alveolus - a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth. alveolar artery ...
