acute urticaria

同

Hives

WordNet

1. of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds"
2. having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" (同)discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp
3. extremely sharp or intense; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" (同)intense
4. having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients"
5. of an angle; less than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (先の)『鋭い』,とがった / (痛み・感情などが)『激しい』,強い / (知力・感覚などが)『鋭い』,鋭敏な / (事態が)重大な / (病気が)急性の / (音が)高い,鋭い / 鋭角の
2. じんましん(蕁麻疹)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/04 23:09:57」(JST)

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"Hives" redirects here. For other uses, see Hive (disambiguation).

Urticaria
Classification and external resources
Urticaria on the arm
ICD-10	L50
ICD-9	708
DiseasesDB	13606
MedlinePlus	000845
eMedicine	topic list
MeSH	D014581

Urticaria (from the Latin urtica, nettle,) commonly referred to as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives might also cause a burning or stinging sensation. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many nonallergic causes. Most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) is rarely due to an allergy.

The majority of chronic hives cases have an unknown (idiopathic) cause. In perhaps as many as 30–40% of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, it is caused by an autoimmune reaction. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral exanthem). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight.

Appearance

Hives on the left chest wall. Notice that they are slightly raised.

Wheals (raised areas surrounded by a red base) from urticaria can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Wheals may be pinpoint in size, or several inches in diameter.

Angioedema is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious condition called urticarial vasculitis. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called dermatographic urticaria.

Classification

Acute versus chronic

• Acute urticaria is defined as the presence of evanescent wheals which completely resolve within six weeks. Acute urticaria becomes evident a few minutes after the person has been exposed to an allergen. The outbreak may last several weeks, but usually the hives are gone in six weeks. Typically, the hives are a reaction to food, but in about half the cases, the trigger is unknown. Common foods may be the cause, as well as bee or wasp stings, or skin contact with certain fragrances.

• Chronic urticaria (ordinary urticaria) is defined as the presence of evanescent wheals which persist for greater than six weeks. Some of the more severe chronic cases have lasted more than 20 years. A survey indicated chronic urticaria lasted a year or more in more than 50% of sufferers and 20 years or more in 20% of them.

Acute and chronic urticaria are visually indistinguishable.

By cause

Urticaria can also be classified by the purported causative agent. Many different substances in the environment may cause urticaria, including medications, food and physical agents.

After contact with a Conifer

Drug-induced

Drugs that have caused allergic reactions evidenced as urticaria include dextroamphetamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, penicillin, clotrimazole, sulfonamides, anticonvulsants, and antidiabetic drugs. The antidiabetic sulphonylurea glimepiride (trade name Amaryl), in particular, has been documented to induce allergic reactions manifesting as urticaria. Drug-induced urticaria has been known to have an effect on severe cardiorespiratory failure.

The listed side-effects of the antibiotic, trichazole, include urticaria.

Infection or environmental agent

Urticaria can be a complication and symptom of a parasitic infection, such as fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica) and ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides).^{[citation needed]}

The rash that develops from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with urushiol and results in a form of contact dermatitis called urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Urushiol is spread by contact, but can be washed off with a strong grease- or oil-dissolving detergent and cool water and rubbing ointments.

Dermatographic urticaria

"Wikipedia" scratched into the skin of someone with dermatographic urticaria

Main article: Dermatographic urticaria

Dermatographic urticaria (also known as dermatographism or "skin writing") is marked by the appearance of weals or welts on the skin as a result of scratching or firm stroking of the skin. Seen in 4–5% of the population, it is one of the most common types of urticaria, in which the skin becomes raised and inflamed when stroked, scratched, rubbed, and sometimes even slapped.

The skin reaction usually becomes evident soon after the scratching, and disappears within 30 minutes. Dermographism is a common form of chronic hives. Dermatographism is the most common form of a subset of chronic hives, acknowledged as "physical hives".^{[citation needed]}

It stands in contrast to the linear reddening that does not itch seen in healthy people who are scratched. In most cases, the cause is unknown, although it may be preceded by a viral infection, antibiotic therapy, or emotional upset. Dermographism is diagnosed by taking a tongue blade and drawing it over the skin of the arm or back. The hives should develop within a few minutes. Unless the skin is highly sensitive and reacts continually, treatment is not needed. Taking antihistamines can reduce the response in cases that are annoying to the patient.^{[citation needed]}

Pressure or delayed pressure

This type of urticaria can occur right away, precisely after a pressure stimulus or as a deferred response to sustained pressure being enforced to the skin. In the deferred form, the hives only appear after about six hours from the initial application of pressure to the skin. Under normal circumstances, these hives are not the same as those witnessed with most urticariae. Instead, the protrusion in the affected areas is typically more spread out. The hives may last from eight hours to three days. The source of the pressure on the skin can happen from tight fitted clothing, belts, clothing with tough straps, walking, leaning against an object, standing, sitting on a hard surface, etc. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, trunk, abdomen, buttocks, legs and face. Although this appears to be very similar to dermatographism, the cardinal difference is that the swelled skin areas do not become visible quickly and tend to last much longer. This form of the skin disease is, however, rare.^{[citation needed]}

Cholinergic or stress

Main article: Cholinergic urticaria

Cholinergic urticaria (CU) is one of the physical urticaria which is provoked during sweating events such as exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, or emotional stress. The hives produced are typically smaller than classic hives and are generally shorter-lasting.

Multiple subtypes have been elucidated of which require distinct treatment.

Cold-induced

Further information: Chronic cold urticaria

The cold type of urticaria is caused by exposure of the skin to extreme cold, damp and windy conditions; it occurs in two forms. The rare form is hereditary and becomes evident as hives all over the body 9 to 18 hours after cold exposure. The common form of cold urticaria demonstrates itself with the rapid onset of hives on the face, neck, or hands after exposure to cold. Cold urticaria is common and lasts for an average of five to six years. The population most affected is young adults, between 18 and 25 years old. Many people with the condition also suffer from dermographism and cholinergic urticaria.^{[citation needed]}

Severe reactions can be seen with exposure to cold water; swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a severe reaction. This can cause a massive discharge of histamine, resulting in low blood pressure, fainting, shock and even loss of life. Cold urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing an ice cube against the skin of the forearm for 1 to 5 minutes. A distinct hive should develop if a patient suffers cold urticaria. This is different than the normal redness that can be seen in people without cold urticaria. Patients with cold urticaria need to learn to protect themselves from a hasty drop in body temperature. Regular antihistamines are not generally efficacious. One particular antihistamine, cyproheptadine (Periactin), has been found to be useful. The tricyclic antidepressant doxepin has also been found to be an effective blocking agent of histamine discharge. Finally, a medication named ketotifen, which keeps mast cells from discharging histamine, has also been employed with widespread success.^{[citation needed]}

Heat-induced

This rare form of urticaria is triggered by the continued application of heat on the skin. Hives begin to appear within two to five minutes on the area of the skin exposed to heat. The hives, however, generally do not last more than an hour.^{[citation needed]}

Solar urticaria

Main article: Solar urticaria

This form of the disease occurs on areas of the skin exposed to the sun; the condition becomes evident within minutes of exposure. After the individual is no longer exposed to the sun, though, the condition starts to weaken within a few minutes to a few hours, and hardly ever lasts longer than 24 hours. Solar urticaria is classified into six different types, depending upon the wavelength of light involved. Since glass absorbs light with a wavelength of 320 nm and below, people suffering from solar urticaria in response to wavelengths of less than 320 nm are protected by glass.^{[citation needed]}

Water-induced

Main article: Water urticaria

This type of urticaria is also termed rare, and occurs upon contact with water. The response is not temperature-dependent and the skin appears similar to cholinergic form of the disease. The appearance of hives is within one to 15 minutes of contact with the water, and can last from 10 minutes to two hours. The hives that last for 10 to 120 minutes do not seem to be stimulated by histamine discharge like the other physical hives. Most researchers believe this condition is actually skin sensitivity to additives in the water, such as chlorine. Water urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing tap water and distilled water to the skin and observing the gradual response. Aquagenic urticaria is treated with capsaicin (Zostrix) administered to the chafed skin. This is the same treatment used for shingles. Antihistamines are of questionable benefit in this instance, since histamine is not the causative factor.^{[citation needed]}

Exercise

Main article: Exercise urticaria

This condition was first distinguished in 1980. People with exercise urticaria (EU) experience hives, itchiness, shortness of breath and low blood pressure five to 30 minutes after beginning exercise. These symptoms can progress to shock and even sudden death. Jogging is the most common exercise to cause EU, but it is not induced by a hot shower, fever, or with fretfulness. This differentiates EU from cholinergic urticaria.^{[citation needed]}

EU sometimes occurs only when someone exercises within 30 minutes of eating particular foods, such as wheat or shellfish. For these individuals, exercising alone or eating the injuring food without exercising produces no symptoms. EU can be diagnosed by having the patient exercise and then observing the symptoms. This method must be used with caution and only with the appropriate resuscitative measures at hand. EU can be differentiated from cholinergic urticaria by the hot water immersion test. In this test, the patient is immersed in water at 43°C (109.4°F). Someone with EU will not develop hives, while a person with cholinergic urticaria will develop the characteristic small hives, especially on the neck and chest.^{[citation needed]}

The immediate symptoms of this uncanny type are treated with antihistamines, epinephrine and airway support. Taking antihistamines prior to exercise may be effective. Ketotifen is acknowledged to stabilise mast cells and prevent histamine release, and has been effective in treating this hives disorder. Avoiding exercise or foods that cause the mentioned symptoms is very important. In particular circumstances, tolerance can be brought on by regular exercise, but this must be under medical supervision.^{[citation needed]}

Food

The most common food allergies in adults are shellfish and nuts. The most common food allergies in children are shellfish, nuts, peanuts, eggs, wheat, and soy. A less common cause is exposure to certain bacteria, such as Streptococcus species or possibly Helicobacter pylori.

Related conditions

Angioedema

Angioedema is similar to urticaria, but in angioedema, the swelling occurs in a lower layer of the dermis than in urticaria, as well as in the subcutis. This swelling can occur around the mouth, eyes, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Urticaria and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an allergen, and is a concern in severe cases, as angioedema of the throat can be fatal.

Vibratory angioedema

This very rare form of angioedema develops in reply to contact with vibration. In vibratory angioedema, symptoms develop within two to five minutes after contact with vibration and dissolve after about an hour. Patients with this disorder do not suffer from dermographism or pressure urticaria. Vibratory angioedema is diagnosed by holding a vibrating device such as a laboratory vortex machine against the forearm for four minutes. Speedy swelling of the whole forearm extending into the upper arm is also noted later. The principal treatment is avoidance of vibratory stimulants. Antihistamines have also been proven helpful.^{[citation needed]}

Pathophysiology

See also: List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions

The skin lesions of urticarial disease are caused by an inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing leakage of capillaries in the dermis, and resulting in an edema which persists until the interstitial fluid is absorbed into the surrounding cells.^{[citation needed]}

Urticaria is caused by the release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation (cytokines) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or nonallergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release.^{[citation needed]}

Allergic urticaria 

Histamine and other proinflammatory substances are released from mast cells in the skin and tissues in response to the binding of allergen-bound IgE antibodies to high-affinity cell surface receptors. Basophils and other inflammatory cells are also seen to release histamine and other mediators, and are thought to play an important role, especially in chronic urticarial diseases.

Autoimmune urticaria

In the past decade, many cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria have been noted to be the result of an autoimmune trigger. For example, roughly one-third of patients with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop autoantibodies directed at the receptor FcεRI located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. Patients often have other autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis.

Infections

Hive-like rashes commonly accompany viral illnesses, such as the common cold. They usually appear three to five days after the cold has started, and may even appear a few days after the cold has resolved.

Nonallergic urticaria

Mechanisms other than allergen-antibody interactions are known to cause histamine release from mast cells. Many drugs, for example morphine, can induce direct histamine release not involving any immunoglobulin molecule. Also, a diverse group of signaling substances, called neuropeptides, have been found to be involved in emotionally induced urticaria. Dominantly inherited cutaneous and neurocutaneous porphyrias (porphyria cutanea tarda, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria and erythropoietic protoporphyria) have been associated with solar urticaria. The occurrence of drug-induced solar urticaria may be associated with porphyrias. This may be caused by IgG binding, not IgE.

Dietary histamine poisoning

This is termed scombroid food poisoning. Ingestion of free histamine released by bacterial decay in fish flesh may result in a rapid-onset, allergic-type symptom complex which includes urticaria. However, the urticaria produced by scombroid is reported not to include wheals.

Stress and chronic idiopathic urticaria

Chronic idiopathic urticaria has been anecdotally linked to stress since the 1940s. A large body of evidence demonstrates an association between this condition and both poor emotional well-being and reduced health-related quality of life. A link between stress and this condition has also been shown. A recent study has demonstrated an association between stressful life events (e.g. bereavement, divorce, etc.) and chronic idiopathic urticaria and also an association between post-traumatic stress and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Management

Chronic urticaria can be difficult to treat. No guaranteed treatments or means of controlling attacks are available, and some subpopulations are treatment-resistant, with medications spontaneously losing their effectiveness and requiring new medications to control attacks. It can be difficult to determine appropriate medications, since some, such as loratadine, require a day or two to build up to effective levels, and the condition is intermittent and outbreaks typically clear up without any treatment.^{[citation needed]}

Most treatment plans for urticaria involve being aware of one's triggers, but this can be difficult, since several forms of urticaria are known and people often exhibit more than one type. Also, since symptoms are often idiopathic, a clear trigger is often unknown. If triggers can be identified, then outbreaks can often be managed by limiting exposure to them.^{[citation needed]}

Allergy tests

Physicians can rarely determine any particular cause of disease for chronic urticaria. In some cases, patients or doctors come to request regular extensive allergy testing over a long period of time in hopes of getting new insight. No evidence shows regular allergy testing results in identification of a problem or relief for people with chronic urticaria. Regular allergy testing for people with chronic urticaria is not recommended.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine may be used. The benefit of H2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine is poorly supported by the evidence.

Other

Tricyclic antidepressants, such as doxepin, also are often potent H₁ and H₂ antagonists and may have a role in therapy, although side effects limit their use. For very severe outbreaks, an oral corticosteroid such as prednisone is sometimes prescribed. However, this form of treatment is controversial because of the extensive side effects common with corticosteroids, and as such, is not a recommended long-term treatment option. For acute urticaria, some topical creams, such as hydrocortisone, fluocinonide, or desonide, can also be prescribed to relieve itching. To boost relief for severe anaphylactic urticaria, a dermatologist will also administer steroid shots intramuscularly.

As of 2008, an Australian company is performing clinical trials with an analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone called afamelanotide (formerly CUV1647), for the treatment of solar urticaria, a type of urticaria that develops in response to exposure to specific wavelengths of light.

Therapy-refractory cases with urticaria may sometimes respond to unusual drugs, such as dapsone.

A diet reduced in allergens like salicytes, grains, and the 8 most common food allergens may also help to reduce symptoms. National Institute of Health Researchers have recently drawn connections between Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria and treatment with an oligoantigenic diet. In a small 2004 study, 29 of 55 subjects placed on an allergen-restricted diet saw their urticaria decrease significantly or vanish entirely.

Acute urticaria induced by the use of trichazole only reacted to treatment by taking a very hot bath in water containing epsom salts and other vitamins and minerals known to induce exfoliation. Application of lemon juice brought temporary relief from itching and Epizone A cetomacrogol cream was the most effective topical application, after the heat treatment.^{[citation needed]}

In a Phase III trial whose results were published early 2013 online in The New England Journal of Medicine, the anti-asthma drug omalizumab showed promise in relieving symptoms for patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria whose symptoms were not relieved with antihistamine treatment.

References

External links

• Urticaria photo library at Dermnet
• Hives Photos by Dr. Young

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 新規発症蕁麻疹：診断および治療 new onset urticaria diagnosis and treatment
• 2. 新規発症蕁麻疹：疫学、臨床症状、および病因 new onset urticaria epidemiology clinical manifestations and etiologies
• 3. そう痒症：疫学および患者評価 pruritus etiology and patient evaluation
• 4. 慢性蕁麻疹：臨床症状、診断、病因および自然経過 chronic urticaria clinical manifestations diagnosis pathogenesis and natural history
• 5. 慢性蕁麻疹：標準的な管理および患者教育 chronic urticaria standard management and patient education

English Journal

• Pulmonary disorders in athletes.

• Weder MM, Truwit JD.SourceDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, PO?Box?800546, Charlottesville, VA 22903-0546, USA.
• Clinics in sports medicine.Clin Sports Med.2011 Jul;30(3):525-36.
• Exercise is rarely limited by pulmonary causes in normal individuals. Cardiac output and peripheral muscle disease are usually the limiting factors. Although minute ventilation rises steeply during exercise, normal individuals maintain a substantial breathing reserve. Exercise in patients, however,
• PMID 21658546

• Serum concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in patients suffering from acute urticaria.

• Kasperska-Zajac A, Machura E, Grzanka A, Hadas E, Koczy-Baron E.SourceDepartment of Internal Diseases Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Ceglana 35, 41-800 Katowice, Poland.
• European journal of dermatology : EJD.Eur J Dermatol.2011 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 21697061

Japanese Journal

• Acute Myocardial Infarction following Food-dependent Exercise-induced Anaphylaxis

• Yaegashi Takanori,Nakamura Yukio,Sakagami Satoru,Saeki Takahiro,Omi Wataru,Ikeda Keiko
• Internal Medicine 50(5), 451-454, 2011
• … A 70-year-old man with a history of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) since age 50 was admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and urticaria caused by FDEIA. … Urticaria disappeared on the second hospital day. … This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, in which acute myocardial infarction followed FDEIA. … Physicians should be aware of acute myocardial infarction as a rare but potential complication of FDEIA. …
• NAID 130000649858

• Analysis of the Mechanism for the Development of Allergic Skin Inflammation and the Application for Its Treatment : Aspirin Modulation of IgE-Dependent Mast Cell Activation : Role of Aspirin-Induced Exacerbation of Immediate Allergy

• SUZUKI Yoshihiro,RA Chisei
• Journal of pharmacological sciences 110(3), 237-244, 2009-07-20
• … Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can potentiate some acute allergies and causes adverse immunological reactions collectively referred to as aspirin intolerance, a disorder that induces urticaria, asthma, and anaphylaxis in response to oral administration of the drug. … Aspirin also potentiates some acute allergies such as food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA), a food allergy induced by physical exercise. …
• NAID 10025737336

Related Links

• Acute Urticaria | Health | Patient UK

Acute urticaria is a condition where an itchy rash suddenly develops. The rash may be triggered by an allergy, or by another factor such as heat or...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蕁麻疹群」「急性蕁麻疹」「急性じんま疹」「急性じん麻疹」
関連記事	「acute」

「蕁麻疹群」

　　[★]

• 1. 蕁麻疹 urticaria

• 1. 急性蕁麻疹 acute urticaria
• 2. 慢性蕁麻疹 chronic urticaria
• 3. 接触蕁麻疹 contact urticaria
• 4. 物理的蕁麻疹 physical urticaria
• 5. コリン性蕁麻疹 cholinergic urticaria

• 2. 血管性浮腫 angioedema
• 3. 蕁麻疹様血管炎 urticarial vasculitis
• 4. 食物依存性運動誘発アナフィラキシー food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis FDEIA

「急性蕁麻疹」

　　[★]

英

acute urticaria

関

急性じん麻疹、急性じんま疹

「急性じんま疹」

　　[★]

英

acute urticaria

関

急性じん麻疹、急性蕁麻疹

「急性じん麻疹」

　　[★]

英

acute urticaria

関

急性蕁麻疹、急性じんま疹

「acute」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (疾患)急性の、急性型の、急性的な。(形状が)鋭い、鋭角の。(感覚、才知などが)鋭い。明敏な、鋭い眼識のある。

関

acutely、quick、sharp