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first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t
any high mountain

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アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
tritiumの化学記号
高山,高峰
Tennessee

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/20 05:28:24」(JST)

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin, and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha or TNFα) is an adipokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages (M1), although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells and neurons.^[1]

The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1 & IL6 producing cells. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease,^[2] cancer,^[3] major depression^[4] and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).^[5] While still controversial, studies of depression and IBD are currently being linked by TNF levels.^[6] Recombinant TNF is used as an immunostimulant under the INN tasonermin. TNFα can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.

Discovery[edit]

The theory of an anti-tumoral response of the immune system in vivo was recognized by the physician William B. Coley. In 1968, Dr. Gale A Granger from the University of California, Irvine, reported a cytotoxic factor produced by lymphocytes and named it lymphotoxin (LT).^[7] Credit for this discovery is shared by Dr. Nancy H. Ruddle from Yale University, who reported the same activity in a series of back-to-back articles published in the same month.^[8] Subsequently in 1975 Dr. Lloyd J. Old from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, reported another cytotoxic factor produced by macrophages and named it tumor necrosis factor (TNF).^[9] Both factors were described based on their ability to kill mouse fibrosarcoma L-929 cells. These concepts were extended to systemic disease in 1981, when Ian A. Clark, from the Australian National University, in collaboration with Elizabeth Carswell in Dr Old's group, working with pre-sequencing era data, reasoned that excessive production of TNF causes malaria disease and endotoxin poisoning.^[10]^[11]

The cDNAs encoding LT and TNF were cloned in 1984^[12] and were revealed to be similar. The binding of TNF to its receptor and its displacement by LT confirmed the functional homology between the two factors. The sequential and functional homology of TNF and LT led to the renaming of TNF as TNFα (this article) and LT as TNFβ. In 1985, Bruce A. Beutler and Anthony Cerami discovered that cachectin (a hormone which induces cachexia) was actually TNF.^[13] They then identified TNF as a mediator of lethal endotoxin poisoning.^[14] Kevin J. Tracey and Cerami discovered the key mediator role of TNF in lethal septic shock, and identified the therapeutic effects of monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies.^[15]^[16] More recently, research in the Laboratory of Mark Mattson has shown that TNF can prevent the death/apoptosis of neurons by a mechanism involving activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB which induces the expression of Mn-SOD and Bcl-2.

Gene[edit]

The human TNF gene (TNFA) was cloned in 1985.^[17] It maps to chromosome 6p21.3, spans about 3 kilobases and contains 4 exons. The last exon codes for more than 80% of the secreted protein.^[18] The 3' UTR of TNFα contains an AU-rich element (ARE).

Structure[edit]

TNF is primarily produced as a 212-amino acid-long type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers.^[19]^[20] From this membrane-integrated form the soluble homotrimeric cytokine (sTNF) is released via proteolytic cleavage by the metalloprotease TNF alpha converting enzyme (TACE, also called ADAM17).^[21] The soluble 51 kDa trimeric sTNF tends to dissociate at concentrations below the nanomolar range, thereby losing its bioactivity. The secreted form of human TNFα takes on a triangular pyramid shape, and weighs around 17-kD. Both the secreted and the membrane bound forms are biologically active, although the specific functions of each is controversial. But, both forms do have overlapping and distinct biology activities.^[22]

The common house mouse TNFα and human TNF are structurally different.^[23] The 17-kilodalton (kDa) TNF protomers (185-amino acid-long) are composed of two antiparallel β-pleated sheets with antiparallel β-strands, forming a 'jelly roll' β-structure, typical for the TNF family, but also found in viral capsid proteins.

Cell signaling[edit]

TNF can bind two receptors, TNFR1 (TNF receptor type 1; CD120a; p55/60) and TNFR2 (TNF receptor type 2; CD120b; p75/80). TNFR1 is expressed in most tissues, and can be fully activated by both the membrane-bound and soluble trimeric forms of TNF, whereas TNFR2 is found only in cells of the immune system, and respond to the membrane-bound form of the TNF homotrimer. As most information regarding TNF signaling is derived from TNFR1, the role of TNFR2 is likely underestimated.

Signaling pathway of TNFR1. Dashed grey lines represent multiple steps.

Upon contact with their ligand, TNF receptors also form trimers, their tips fitting into the grooves formed between TNF monomers. This binding causes a conformational change to occur in the receptor, leading to the dissociation of the inhibitory protein SODD from the intracellular death domain. This dissociation enables the adaptor protein TRADD to bind to the death domain, serving as a platform for subsequent protein binding. Following TRADD binding, three pathways can be initiated.^[24]^[25]

Activation of NF-κB: TRADD recruits TRAF2 and RIP. TRAF2 in turn recruits the multicomponent protein kinase IKK, enabling the serine-threonine kinase RIP to activate it. An inhibitory protein, IκBα, that normally binds to NF-κB and inhibits its translocation, is phosphorylated by IKK and subsequently degraded, releasing NF-κB. NF-κB is a heterodimeric transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus and mediates the transcription of a vast array of proteins involved in cell survival and proliferation, inflammatory response, and anti-apoptotic factors.

Activation of the MAPK pathways: Of the three major MAPK cascades, TNF induces a strong activation of the stress-related JNK group, evokes moderate response of the p38-MAPK, and is responsible for minimal activation of the classical ERKs. TRAF2/Rac activates the JNK-inducing upstream kinases of MLK2/MLK3,^[26] TAK1, MEKK1 and ASK1 (either directly or through GCKs and Trx, respectively). SRC- Vav- Rac axis activates MLK2/MLK3 and these kinases phosphorylate MKK7, which then activates JNK. JNK translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription factors such as c-Jun and ATF2. The JNK pathway is involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and is generally pro-apoptotic.

Induction of death signaling: Like all death-domain-containing members of the TNFR superfamily, TNFR1 is involved in death signaling.^[27] However, TNF-induced cell death plays only a minor role compared to its overwhelming functions in the inflammatory process. Its death-inducing capability is weak compared to other family members (such as Fas), and often masked by the anti-apoptotic effects of NF-κB. Nevertheless, TRADD binds FADD, which then recruits the cysteine protease caspase-8. A high concentration of caspase-8 induces its autoproteolytic activation and subsequent cleaving of effector caspases, leading to cell apoptosis.

The myriad and often-conflicting effects mediated by the above pathways indicate the existence of extensive cross-talk. For instance, NF-κB enhances the transcription of C-FLIP, Bcl-2, and cIAP1 / cIAP2, inhibitory proteins that interfere with death signaling. On the other hand, activated caspases cleave several components of the NF-κB pathway, including RIP, IKK, and the subunits of NF-κB itself. Other factors, such as cell type, concurrent stimulation of other cytokines, or the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can shift the balance in favor of one pathway or another. Such complicated signaling ensures that, whenever TNF is released, various cells with vastly diverse functions and conditions can all respond appropriately to inflammation.

Enzyme regulation[edit]

This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.^[28]

Physiology[edit]

TNF was thought to be produced primarily by macrophages,^[29] but it is produced also by a broad variety of cell types including lymphoid cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and neurons.^[1] Large amounts of TNF are released in response to lipopolysaccharide, other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1). In the skin, mast cells appear to be the predominant source of pre-formed TNF, which can be released upon inflammatory stimulus (e.g., LPS).^[30]

It has a number of actions on various organ systems, generally together with IL-1 and Interleukin-6 (IL-6):

On the hypothalamus:
- Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by stimulating the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- Suppressing appetite
- Fever
On the liver: stimulating the acute phase response, leading to an increase in C-reactive protein and a number of other mediators. It also induces insulin resistance by promoting serine-phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), which impairs insulin signaling
It is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and promotes the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, helping neutrophils migrate.
On macrophages: stimulates phagocytosis, and production of IL-1 oxidants and the inflammatory lipid Prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂)
On other tissues: increasing insulin resistance.

A local increase in concentration of TNF will cause the cardinal signs of Inflammation to occur: heat, swelling, redness, pain and loss of function.

Whereas high concentrations of TNF induce shock-like symptoms, the prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TNF can result in cachexia, a wasting syndrome. This can be found, for example, in cancer patients.

Said et al. showed that TNFα causes an IL-10-dependent inhibition of CD4 T-cell expansion and function by up-regulating PD-1 levels on monocytes which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by PD-L.^[31]

Recent research by Pedersen et al indicates that TNFα increase in response to sepsis is inhibited by the exercise-induced production of myokines. To study whether acute exercise induces a true anti-inflammatory response, a model of ‘low grade inflammation’ was established in which a low dose of E. coli endotoxin was administered to healthy volunteers, who had been randomised to either rest or exercise prior to endotoxin administration. In resting subjects, endotoxin induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of TNFα. In contrast, when the subjects performed 3 hours of ergometer cycling and received the endotoxin bolus at 2.5 h, the TNFα response was totally blunted.^[32] This study provides some evidence that acute exercise may inhibit TNF production.^[33]

Pharmacology[edit]

Main article: TNF inhibition

TNF promotes the inflammatory response, which, in turn, causes many of the clinical problems associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa and refractory asthma. These disorders are sometimes treated by using a TNF inhibitor. This inhibition can be achieved with a monoclonal antibody such as infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira) or certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), or with a circulating receptor fusion protein such as etanercept (Enbrel).

Interactions[edit]

TNFα has been shown to interact with TNFRSF1A.^[34]^[35]

Nomenclature[edit]

Some recent papers have argued that TNFα should simply be called TNF, as LT is no longer referred to as TNFβ.^[36]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b 9218250
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^ Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ (2001). "The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology". Cell 104 (4): 487–501. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9. PMID 11239407.
^ Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL (2010). "A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression". Biol Psychiatry 67 (5): 446–457. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033. PMID 20015486.
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^ Clark IA, Virelizier JL, Carswell EA, Wood PR (June 1981). "Possible importance of macrophage-derived mediators in acute malaria". Infect. Immun. 32 (3): 1058–66. PMC 351558. PMID 6166564.
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^ Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan YC, Mathison J, Ulevitch R, Cerami A (1985). "Identity of tumour necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin". Nature 316 (6028): 552–4. Bibcode:1985Natur.316..552B. doi:10.1038/316552a0. PMID 2993897.
^ Beutler B, Milsark IW, Cerami AC (August 1985). "Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin". Science 229 (4716): 869–71. Bibcode:1985Sci...229..869B. doi:10.1126/science.3895437. PMID 3895437.
^ Tracey KJ, et al.; Beutler, B; Lowry, S.; Merryweather, J; Wolpe, S; Milsark, I.; Hariri, R.; Fahey, T. et al. (October 1986). "Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin". Science 234 (4775): 470–74. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..470T. doi:10.1126/science.3764421. PMID 3764421. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
^ Tracey KJ, Fong Y, Hesse DG, Manogue KR, Lee AT, Kuo GC, Lowry SF, Cerami A (December 1987). "Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia". Nature 330 (6149): 662–64. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..662T. doi:10.1038/330662a0. PMID 3317066.
^ Old LJ (1985). "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)". Science 230 (4726): 630–2. Bibcode:1985Sci...230..630O. doi:10.1126/science.2413547. PMID 2413547.
^ Nedwin GE, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Smith D, Jarrett-Nedwin J, Pennica D, Goeddel DV, Gray PW (1985). "Human lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor genes: structure, homology and chromosomal localization". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (17): 6361–73. doi:10.1093/nar/13.17.6361. PMC 321958. PMID 2995927.
^ Kriegler M, Perez C, DeFay K, Albert I, Lu SD (1988). "A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF". Cell 53 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90486-2. PMID 3349526.
^ Tang P, Hung M-C, Klostergaard J (1996). "Human pro-tumor necrosis factor is a homotrimer". Biochemistry 35 (25): 8216–25. doi:10.1021/bi952182t. PMID 8679576.
^ Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, Castner BJ, Stocking KL, Reddy P, Srinivasan S, Nelson N, Boiani N, Schooley KA, Gerhart M, Davis R, Fitzner JN, Johnson RS, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Cerretti DP (1997). "A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells". Nature 385 (6618): 729–33. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..729B. doi:10.1038/385729a0. PMID 9034190.
^ Palladino MA, Bahjat FR, Theodorakis EA, Moldawer LL (September 2003). "Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 (9): 736–46. Bibcode:203Natur.002..736B. doi:10.1038/nrd1175. PMID 12951580.
^ Olszewski MB, Groot AJ, Dastych J, Knol EF (May 2007). "TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: mature chain-dependent endocytosis". J. Immunol. 178 (9): 5701–9. PMID 17442953. "In human cells, contrary to results previously obtained in a rodent model, TNF seems not to be glycosylated and, thus, trafficking is carbohydrate independent. In an effort to localize the amino acid motif responsible for granule targeting, we constructed additional fusion proteins and analyzed their trafficking, concluding that granule-targeting sequences are localized in the mature chain of TNF and that the cytoplasmic tail is expendable for endocytotic sorting of this cytokine, thus excluding direct interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins"
^ Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P (2003). "Tumor necrosis factor signaling". Cell Death Differ. 10 (1): 45–65. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401189. PMID 12655295.
^ Chen G, Goeddel DV (2002). "TNF-R1 signaling: a beautiful pathway". Science 296 (5573): 1634–5. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.1634C. doi:10.1126/science.1071924. PMID 12040173.
^ Kant S, Swat W, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Neel BG, Flavell RA, Davis RJ (2011). "TNF-stimulated MAP kinase activation mediated by a Rho family GTPase signaling pathway". Genes Dev 25 (19): 2069–78. doi:10.1101/gad.17224711. PMC 3197205. PMID 21979919.
^ Gaur U, Aggarwal BB (2003). "Regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis by members of the TNF superfamily". Biochem. Pharmacol. 66 (8): 1403–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00490-8. PMID 14555214.
^ T. Selwood and E. K. Jaffe. (2011). "Dynamic dissociating homo-oligomers and the control of protein function". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 519 (2): 131–43. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.020. PMC 3298769. PMID 22182754.
^ TNF Trafficking to Human Mast Cell Granules: Mature Chain-Dependent Endocytosis Olszewski et al., The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 5701–5709,
^ Walsh LJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, Murphy GF (May 1991). "Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (10): 4220–4. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4220W. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4220. PMC 51630. PMID 1709737.
^ Said EA, Dupuy FP, Trautmann L, Zhang Y, Shi Y, El-Far M, Hill BJ, Noto A, Ancuta P, Peretz Y, Fonseca SG, Van Grevenynghe J, Boulassel MR, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Routy JP, Douek DC, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP (April 2010). "Programmed death-1-induced interleukin-10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+ T cell activation during HIV infection". Nat. Med. 16 (4): 452–9. doi:10.1038/nm.2106. PMID 20208540.
^ Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-α production in humans" FASEB J 2003;17:884–886. [PubMed]
^ The diseasome of physical inactivity – and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross talk. Bente K Pedersen. J Physiol. 2009 December 1; 587(23) 5559–5568. Published online 2009 September 21. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515
^ Bouwmeester T, Bauch A, Ruffner H, Angrand PO, Bergamini G, Croughton K, Cruciat C, Eberhard D, Gagneur J, Ghidelli S, Hopf C, Huhse B, Mangano R, Michon AM, Schirle M, Schlegl J, Schwab M, Stein MA, Bauer A, Casari G, Drewes G, Gavin AC, Jackson DB, Joberty G, Neubauer G, Rick J, Kuster B, Superti-Furga G (February 2004). "A physical and functional map of the human TNF alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1038/ncb1086. PMID 14743216.
^ Micheau O, Tschopp J (July 2003). "Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes". Cell 114 (2): 181–90. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00521-X. PMID 12887920.
^ Clark IA (June–August 2007). "How TNF was recognized as a key mechanism of disease". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18 (3–4): 335–343. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.002. PMID 17493863.

External links[edit]

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）阻害剤：副作用の概要 tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors an overview of adverse effects
2. 腫瘍壊死因子α阻害剤：細菌、ウイルス、および真菌感染のリスク tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors risk of bacterial viral and fungal infections
3. 腫瘍壊死因子α阻害剤および抗酸菌感染 tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors and mycobacterial infections
4. 腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）阻害剤：抗体、自己抗体、および自己免疫疾患の誘導 tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors induction of antibodies autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases
5. 腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）阻害剤：悪性腫瘍のリスク tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors risk of malignancy

English Journal

Interferon Gamma Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Immunocompromised Adults.

Redelman-Sidi G, Sepkowitz KA.SourceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, United States ; redelmansidi@hotmail.com.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2013 Dec 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Immunocompromised persons with latent tuberculosis infection are at increased risk for tuberculosis reactivation compared to the general population. Tuberculin skin test, the traditional assay for diagnosing LTBI (latent tuberculosis infection), has reduced accuracy in immunocompromised patients. In
PMID 23262514

Structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a novel protein-bound polysaccharide produced by Hirsutella sinensis Liu, Guo, Yu & Zeng.

He L, Ji P, Cheng J, Wang Y, Qian H, Li W, Gong X, Wang Z.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Nov 15;141(2):946-53. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.053. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
HS002-II, a novel protein-bound polysaccharide with 44kDa molecular weight, was fractionated from submerged cultures of Hirsutella sinensis Liu, Guo, Yu & Zeng by DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S200 chromatography. Based on the results of infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatograp
PMID 23790872

Japanese Journal

ベーチェット病 : 治療と病因研究の進歩

川野庸一
福岡歯科大学学会雑誌 37(3), 91-99, 2011-09-30
… Introduction of the anti-TNF alpha biologics for the treatment of severe uveitis greatly improved the visual prognosis. …
NAID 110008762038

Interleukin-22 Protects against Acute Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

XING Wei-Wei,ZOU Min-Ji,LIU Shen,XU Tao,WANG Jia-Xi,XU Dong-Gang
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(7), 1290-1294, 2011-07-23
… The results indicated that acute alcohol administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis and an elevation of serum transaminase activities, induced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatocyte apoptosis as well as hepatic TNF-alpha production. …
NAID 10029329085

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「TNF-α」
関連記事	「T」「alpha」「TNF」

「TNF-α」

Tumor necrosis factor
	; PDB rendering based on 1TNF.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A8M, 1TNF, 2AZ5, 2E7A, 2TUN, 2ZJC, 2ZPX, 3ALQ, 3IT8, 3L9J, 3WD5, 4G3Y, 4TSV, 5TSW
Identifiers
Symbols	TNF; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2
External IDs	OMIM: 191160 MGI: 104798 HomoloGene: 496 ChEMBL: 1825 GeneCards: TNF Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• protease binding; • cytokine activity; • tumor necrosis factor receptor binding; • protein binding; • identical protein binding; • transcription regulatory region DNA binding;
Cellular component	• phagocytic cup; • extracellular space; • plasma membrane; • integral to plasma membrane; • external side of plasma membrane; • cell surface; • membrane raft; • recycling endosome;
Biological process	• protein import into nucleus, translocation; • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • MAPK cascade; • activation of MAPKKK activity; • activation of MAPK activity; • response to hypoxia; • cell activation; • positive regulation of cytokine production; • positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; • negative regulation of L-glutamate transport; • chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; • negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response; • positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; • positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin; • skeletal muscle contraction; • glucose metabolic process; • apoptotic process; • induction of apoptosis; • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • transformed cell apoptotic process; • inflammatory response; • humoral immune response; • JNK cascade; • negative regulation of cell proliferation; • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; • response to mechanical stimulus; • response to virus; • response to salt stress; • organ morphogenesis; • negative regulation of gene expression; • negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity; • negative regulation of lipid storage; • positive regulation of necrotic cell death; • response to activity; • calcium-mediated signaling; • extracellular matrix organization; • osteoclast differentiation; • sequestering of triglyceride; • positive regulation of protein complex assembly; • positive regulation of fever generation; • lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; • negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; • positive regulation of chemokine production; • positive regulation of interferon-gamma production; • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; • receptor biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; • tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway; • positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; • response to drug; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of programmed cell death; • regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; • negative regulation of protein complex disassembly; • positive regulation of protein complex disassembly; • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; • protein kinase B signaling cascade; • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; • negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host; • negative regulation of viral genome replication; • positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; • negative regulation of fat cell differentiation; • negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation; • positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation; • positive regulation of mitosis; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • positive regulation of translational initiation by iron; • negative regulation of glucose import; • positive regulation of JNK cascade; • embryonic digestive tract development; • positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; • positive regulation of cytokine secretion; • regulation of insulin secretion; • positive regulation of synaptic transmission; • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; • leukocyte tethering or rolling; • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process; • regulation of immunoglobulin secretion; • positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis; • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of protein transport; • response to glucocorticoid stimulus; • positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus; • positive regulation of hair follicle development; • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade; • activation of necroptosis by extracellular signals; • positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity; • epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; • regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; • negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis; • necrotic cell death; • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; • cellular response to amino acid stimulus; • cellular response to nicotine; • cellular response to organic cyclic compound; • positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration; • positive regulation of podosome assembly; • apoptotic signaling pathway; • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; • positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface; • positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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　　[★]

英: tumor necrosis factor-α TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha
同: 腫瘍壊死因子α、カケクチン cachectin
関: サイトカイン; 腫瘍壊死因子 tumor necrosis factor TNF

概念

活性化マクロファージなどが産生する抗腫瘍性サイトカイン

作用

発熱作用

視床下部に作用

「T」

　　[★]

「alpha」

　　[★]

α、アルファ

関: alfa

「TNF」

　　[★] 腫瘍壊死因子 tumor necrosis factor

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TNF-alpha