WordNet

wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard (同)pipe_organ
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; "The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department"
a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party"
manage or run; "tend a store"
have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined; "She tends to be nervous before her lectures"; "These dresses run small"; "He inclined to corpulence" (同)be given, lean, incline, run
have care of or look after; "She tends to the children"
a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment (同)sinew
Italian histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi bodies (1844-1926) (同)Camillo Golgi

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『オルガン』,パイプオルガン(pipe organ),リードオルガン(reed organ),電子オルガン(electronic organ),手回しオルガン(barrel organ) / (動植物の)『器官』 / (政党・会社などの)機関誌,機関紙 / 《しばしば複数形で》(行動・実施などの)組織,機関
〈人が〉(…の)『傾向がある』,(…)しがちである / 〈物事が〉(ある方向に)向かう,(ある状態に)向かう
〈人・動植物など〉‘の'『世話をする』,めんどうをみる / 《米》〈店〉‘の'番をする / 《tend to+名》…に気をつける,心を配る
腱(けん)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/20 13:49:30」(JST)

wiki en

The Golgi organ (also called Golgi tendon organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle. It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex.

The Golgi organ should not be confused with the Golgi apparatus, which is an organelle in the eukaryotic cell, or the Golgi stain, which is a histologic stain for neuron cell bodies. However, all of these structures are named after the Italian physician Camillo Golgi.

Anatomy

The body of the organ is made up of strands of collagen that are connected at one end to the muscle fibers and at the other merge into the tendon proper. Each tendon organ is innervated by a single afferent type Ib sensory nerve fiber that branches and terminates as spiral endings around the collagen strands. The Ib afferent axon is a large diameter, myelinated axon. Each neurotendinous spindle is enclosed in a fibrous capsule which contains a number of enlarged tendon fasciculi (intrafusal fasciculi). One or more nerve fibres perforate the side of the capsule and lose their medullary sheaths; the axis-cylinders subdivide and end between the tendon fibers in irregular disks or varicosities (see figure).

Function

Mammalian tendon organ showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle) and expanded schematic (right). The tendon organ is a stretch receptor that signals the force developed by the muscle. The sensory endings of the Ib afferent are entwined amongst the musculotendinous strands of 10 to 20 motor units. Animated version: [1].

When the muscle generates force, the sensory terminals are compressed. This stretching deforms the terminals of the Ib afferent axon, opening stretch-sensitive cation channels. As a result, the Ib axon is depolarized and fires nerve impulses that are propagated to the spinal cord. The action potential frequency signals the force being developed by the 10 to 20 motor units within the muscle. This is representative of whole muscle force. ^[1]

The Ib sensory feedback generates spinal reflexes and supraspinal responses which control muscle contraction. Ib afferents synapses with interneurons that are located within the spinal cord that also project to the brain cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The autogenic inhibition reflex assists in regulating muscle contraction force. It is associated with the Ib. Tendon organs signal muscle force through the entire physiological range, not only at high strain.^[1]^[2]

During locomotion, Ib input excites rather than inhibits motoneurons of the receptor-bearing muscles and it also affects the timing of the transitions between the stance and swing phases of locomotion.^[3] The switch to autogenetic excitation is a form of positive feedback.^[4]

The ascending or afferent pathways to the cerebellum are the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts. They are involved in the cerebellar regulation of movement.

History

Until 1967 it was believed that Golgi tendon organs had a high threshold, only becoming active at high muscle forces. Consequently it was thought that tendon organ input caused "weightlifting failure" through the clasp-knife reflex, which protected the muscle and tendons from excessive force. However, the underlying premise was shown to be incorrect by James Houk and Elwood Henneman in 1967.^[5]

Sources

^ ^a ^b Prochazka, A.; Gorassini, M. (1998). "Ensemble firing of muscle afferents recorded during normal locomotion in cats". J Physiology 507 (1): 293–304. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.293bu.x. PMC 2230769. PMID 9490855. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2230769/.
^ Stephens, J. A.; Reinking, R. M.; Stuart, D. G. (1975). "Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length". J Neurophysiology 38 (5): 1217–1231. PMID 1177014. http://jn.physiology.org/content/38/5/1217.
^ Conway, B. A.; Hultborn, H.; Kiehn, O. (1987). "Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat". Experimental Brain Research 68 (3): 643–656. doi:10.1007/BF00249807. PMID 3691733.
^ Prochazka, A.; Gillard, D.; Bennett, D. J. (1997). "Positive Force Feedback Control of Muscles". J Neurophysiol 77 (6): 3226–3236. PMID 9212270. http://jn.physiology.org/content/77/6/3226.
^ Houk, J.; Henneman, E. (1967). "Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat". J Neurophysiology 30 (3): 466–481. PMID 6037588. http://jn.physiology.org/content/30/3/466.

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

External links

Golgi+tendon+organ at eMedicine Dictionary
http://ami.usc.edu/projects/ami/projects/bion/musculoskeletal/golgi_tendon_organ.html
http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch3/s8ch3_11.htm

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Proprioceptive impairments associated with knee osteoarthritis are not generalized to the ankle and elbow joints.

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Japanese Journal

実歩行計測データからの歩行神経回路網の推定(3部モデルによる探索)

荻原直道,山崎信寿
バイオメカニズム (15), 175-186, 2000-06-15
… Two kinds of proprioceptors (the Golgi tendon organ and the muscle spindle), and tactile receptors on the plantar surface of the foot were considered. …
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CGRP-like immunoreactivity in sensory nerve endings of the golgi tendon organ

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筋の相性伸展に対する筋紡錘および腱器官発射について

玉置哲也,タマキテツヤ,TAMAKI TETSUYA
千葉医学会雑誌 43(4), 649-657, 1967-00-00
… The responses of muscle receptors and Golgi tendon organ to the phasic stretch of alterable velocity of the triceps surae muscle of adult cats were recorded from dorsal root filaments; … This result shows the most sensitive stretch receptor to phasic stretch in the primary ending, and the second is Golgi tendon organ, and the last is the secondary ending. …
NAID 110007348290

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ゴルジ腱紡錘」「neurotendinous spindle」
関連記事	「tend」「organ」

「ゴルジ腱紡錘」

Golgi tendon organ
	Organ of Golgi (neurotendinous spindle) from the human tendo calcaneus.
Latin	Organum sensorium tendinis
Gray's	subject #233 1061
Code	TH H3.03.00.0.00024

　　[★]

英: Golgi tendon organ, Golgi's tendon organ, tendon organ of Golgi
同: Golgi腱紡錘、腱紡錘 tendon spindle、腱受容器 tendon receptor、筋張力受容器 muscle tension receptor、ゴルジ腱受容器 Golgi tension receptor
関: 機械受容器、Ib群線維; 伸張受容器、マイスナー小体

筋の収縮力を監視　→　過剰の収縮を抑制　(⇔筋紡錘)
長さ1mm、直径0.1mmの円柱構造。筋と腱の接合部に存在。波状の膠原線維とIb群線維で構成される。筋肉が収縮して膠原線維が引き延ばされると、膠原線維に巻き付いた神経終末が圧迫されてインパルスを生じる (HIS.149)

「neurotendinous spindle」

　　[★]

腱紡錘

関: Golgi tendon organ、mechanoreceptor、Meissner's corpuscle、stretch receptor

「tend」

　　[★]

傾向がある、しやすい

関: apt、liable、predispose、susceptible

「organ」

　　[★]

n.

臓器、器官

[Prochazka-1] Prochazka, A.; Gorassini, M. (1998). "Ensemble firing of muscle afferents recorded during normal locomotion in cats". J Physiology 507 (1): 293–304. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.293bu.x. PMC 2230769. PMID 9490855. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2230769/.

[2] Stephens, J. A.; Reinking, R. M.; Stuart, D. G. (1975). "Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length". J Neurophysiology 38 (5): 1217–1231. PMID 1177014. http://jn.physiology.org/content/38/5/1217.

[3] Conway, B. A.; Hultborn, H.; Kiehn, O. (1987). "Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat". Experimental Brain Research 68 (3): 643–656. doi:10.1007/BF00249807. PMID 3691733.

[4] Prochazka, A.; Gillard, D.; Bennett, D. J. (1997). "Positive Force Feedback Control of Muscles". J Neurophysiol 77 (6): 3226–3236. PMID 9212270. http://jn.physiology.org/content/77/6/3226.

[Houk-5] Houk, J.; Henneman, E. (1967). "Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat". J Neurophysiology 30 (3): 466–481. PMID 6037588. http://jn.physiology.org/content/30/3/466.

匿名

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案内

案内

Golgi tendon organ