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Acetazolamide, usually sold under the trade name Diamox in some countries, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used for the medical treatment of glaucoma, epileptic seizure, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, altitude sickness, cystinuria, periodic paralysis, central sleep apnea, and dural ectasia. Acetazolamide is a diuretic, and it is available as a generic drug in the United States. Diamox is now available as Diamox Sequels in the United States since the original product is no longer made or sold there.^[1]^[2]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.^[3]

Medical uses

It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, drug-induced edema, heart failure-induced edema, centrencephalic epilepsy and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery.^[4]^[5] It has also been used in the treatment of mountain sickness,^[6] Ménière's disease, increased intracranial pressure and neuromuscular disorders.^[2]

In epilepsy, the main use of acetazolamide is in menstrual-related epilepsy and as an adjunct in refractory epilepsy.^[4]^[7] It has been demonstrated in drug trials to relieve symptoms associated with dural ectasia in individuals with Marfan's Syndrome.^[8] A 2012 review and meta-analysis found that there was "limited supporting evidence" but that acetazolamide "may be considered" for the treatment of central (as opposed to obstructive) sleep apnea.^[9] In the treatment of mountain sickness, acetazolamide forces the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate, the conjugate base of carbonic acid. By increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine, the blood becomes more acidic.^[2] As the body equates acidity of the blood to its CO2 concentration, artificially acidifying the blood fools the body into thinking it has an excess of CO2, and it excretes this imaginary excess CO2 by deeper and faster breathing, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood.^[10]^[11] Acetazolamide is not an immediate cure for acute mountain sickness; rather, it speeds up part of the acclimatization process which in turn helps to relieve symptoms.^[12]

It has also been used to prevent methotrexate-induced kidney damage by alkalinalising one's urine, hence speeding up methotrexate excretion by increasing its soluble in the urine.^[2]^[13]

Pregnancy and lactation

Acetazolamide is pregnancy category B3 in Australia, which means that studies in rats, mice and rabbits in which acetazolamide was given intravenously or orally caused an increased risk of fetal malformations, including defects of the limbs.^[5] Despite this there is insufficient evidence from studies in humans to either support or discount this evidence.^[5] It is also excreted in breast milk and hence breastfeeding is advised against in mothers taking this drug.^[5]

Side-effects

Common adverse effects of acetazolamide include: paraesthesia, fatigue, drowsiness, depression, decreased libido, bitter or metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, black feces, polyuria, kidney stones, metabolic acidosis and electrolyte changes (hypokalemia, hyponatremia).^[4] Whereas less common adverse effects include: stevens-johnson syndrome, anaphylaxis and blood dyscrasias.^[4]

Contraindications

Contraindications include:^[5]

Hyperchloremic acidosis
Hypokalemia (low blood potassium)
Hyponatremia (low blood sodium)
Suprarenal gland failure
Impaired kidney function
Hypersensitivity to acetazolamide or other sulfonamides.
Marked liver disease or impairment of liver function, including cirrhosis because of the risk of development of hepatic encephalopathy. Acetazolamide decreases ammonia clearance.

Interactions

It is possible that it might interact with:^[5]

Amphetamines, due to the fact it increases the pH of the renal tubular urine, hence reducing the clearance of amphetamines.
Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - potential for additive inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase and hence potential for toxicity.
Ciclosporin, may increase plasma levels of ciclosporin.
Antifolates such as trimethoprim, methotrexate, pemetrexed and raltitrexed.
Hypoglycemics, acetazolamide can both increase or decrease blood glucose levels.
Lithium, increases excretion, hence reducing therapeutic effect.
Methenamine compounds, reduces the urinary secretion of methenamines.
Phenytoin, reduces phenytoin secretion, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.
Primidone, reduces plasma levels of primidone. Hence reducing anticonvulsant effect.
Quinidine, reduces urinary secretion of quinidine, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.
Salicylates, potential for severe toxicity.
Sodium bicarbonate, potential for kidney stone formation.
Anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides, may have their effects potentiated by acetazolamide.

Mechanism of action

Carbonic anhydrase complex with a sulfonamide inhibitor.

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, hence causing the accumulation of carbonic acid^[2] Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyses the following reaction:^[14]

hence lowering blood pH, by means of the following reaction that carbonic acid undergoes:^[15]

which has a pK_a of 6.3.^[15]

In the eye this results in a reduction in aqueous humour.^[5]

The mechanism of diuresis involves the proximal tubule of the kidney. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found here, allowing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. By inhibiting this enzyme, these ions are excreted, along with excess water, lowering blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraocular pressure. By excreting bicarbonate, the blood becomes acidic, causing compensatory hyperventilation, increasing levels of oxygen and decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.^[16]

Chemistry

The result: Almost white crystalline powder: Acetazolamide

Source:^[17]

The tablets are made with acetazolamide in its original form, whereas the injection is in the sodium salt form.^[2] Its free form is fairly insoluble in water and alcohol.^[2] Its free form is white-faintly yellow, in colour.^[2] It also degrades upon contact with light.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Diamox Sequels (acetazolamide) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Brayfield, A, ed. (7 January 2014). "Acetazolamide". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines". World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "PRODUCT INFORMATION DIAMOX® ACETAZOLAMIDE TABLETS" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ Low, EV; Avery, AJ; Gupta, V; Schedlbauer, A; Grocott, MP (October 2012). "Identifying the lowest effective dose of acetazolamide for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis." (PDF). BMJ 345: e6779. doi:10.1136/bmj.e6779. PMC 3475644. PMID 23081689.
^ Reiss, WG; Oles, KS (May 1996). "Acetazolamide in the treatment of seizures.". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30 (5): 514–9. PMID 8740334.
^ Scoliosis Research Society (2006-11-27). "Dural Ectasia in the Marfan Spine: Symptoms and Treatment.also it's been used in high-altitude mountain sickness". SpineUniverse. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
^ Aurora, RN; Chowdhuri, S; Ramar, K; Bista, SR; Casey, KR; Lamm, CI; Kristo, DA; Mallea, JM; Rowley, JA; Zak, RS; Tracy, SL (January 2012). "The treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes in adults: practice parameters with an evidence-based literature review and meta-analyses." (PDF). Sleep 35 (1): 17–40. doi:10.5665/sleep.1580. PMC 3242685. PMID 22215916.
^ "Altitude.org". 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
^ Leaf DE, Goldfarb DS (April 2007). "Mechanisms of action of acetazolamide in the prophylaxis and treatment of acute mountain sickness". J. Appl. Physiol. 102 (4): 1313–22. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01572.2005. PMID 17023566.
^ Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). "Altitude Acclimatization Guide". US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report (USARIEM–TN–04–05).
^ Shamash, J; Earl, H; Souhami, R (1991). "Acetazolamide for alkalinisation of urine in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 28 (2): 150–1. doi:10.1007/BF00689708. PMID 2060085.
^ Dutta, S; Goodsell, D (January 2004). "January 2004: Carbonic Anhydrase" (PDF). RCSB PDB Protein Data Bank. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b Larsen, D. "Carbonic Anhydrase 2". UC Davis Chemwiki. University of California. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/426/handouts/Diamox%20mechanism_review_2007.pdf
^ Roblin, Richard O.; Clapp, James W. (1950). Journal of the American Chemical Society 72 (11): 4890. doi:10.1021/ja01167a011.

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IIS 8.5 Detailed Error - 404.0 - Not Found chuck daly lapel pins Acetazolamide Over The Counter acetazolamide picture alternative for acetazolamide without a prescription wucege87 :: 痞客邦 PIXNET :: Systematic ( IUPAC ) name

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「アセタゾラミド」

Acetazolamide
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide
Clinical data
Trade names	Diamox
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3; US: C;
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM; US: ℞-only;
Routes	oral or intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	None
Half-life	2-4 hours
Excretion	Urine (90%)
Identifiers
CAS number	59-66-5
ATC code	S01EC01
PubChem	CID 1986
DrugBank	DB00819
ChemSpider	1909
UNII	O3FX965V0I
KEGG	D00218
ChEBI	CHEBI:27690
ChEMBL	CHEMBL20
PDB ligand ID	AZM (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
Chemical data
Formula	C4H6N4O3S2
Molecular mass	222.245 g/mol
	SMILES O=S(=O)(c1nnc(s1)NC(=O)C)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H6N4O3S2/c1-2(9)6-3-7-8-4(12-3)13(5,10)11/h1H3,(H2,5,10,11)(H,6,7,9) ; Key:BZKPWHYZMXOIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
Physical data
Melting point	258 to 259 °C (496 to 498 °F)
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　　[★]

英: acetazolamide
同: アセタゾールアミド acetazol amide
商: ダイアモックス、Dazamide, Diamox
関: 利尿薬

分類

作用機序

利尿薬

近位尿細管で管腔側から炭酸脱水酵素(carbonic anhydrase, CA)を阻害

近位尿細管の上ににはCAは管腔側細胞膜と細胞質に存在。

HCO₃^-は原尿としていったん排泄されるが、近位尿細管でH₂CO₃となり、これがCAによりCO₂とH₂Oに分解されてCO₂(膜透過性が高いので)が近位尿細管上皮に取り込まれる。細胞内でCO₂は細胞内に存在するCAによりH⁺とHCO₃^-となる。細胞内のH⁺は管腔側に存在するNa⁺/H⁺交換系によって分泌されると共にNa⁺が取り込まれる。ここでNa⁺とともにH₂Oが再吸収される。細胞内のNa⁺とHCO₃^-はNa⁺/HCO₃^-共輸送体により血管側に運ばれる。
管腔側のCAを阻害することでNa⁺、HCO₃^-、およびH₂Oは再吸収を受けることなく排泄される (SPC.263)。

適応

緑内障、てんかん、肺気腫における呼吸性アシドーシス、心性浮腫、肝性浮腫、月経前緊張症、メニエル病、メニエル症候群、睡眠時無呼吸症候群

[MSR-1] "Diamox Sequels (acetazolamide) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[MD-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Brayfield, A, ed. (7 January 2014). "Acetazolamide". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[3] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines". World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[AMH-4] Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit

[TGA-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "PRODUCT INFORMATION DIAMOX® ACETAZOLAMIDE TABLETS" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[6] Low, EV; Avery, AJ; Gupta, V; Schedlbauer, A; Grocott, MP (October 2012). "Identifying the lowest effective dose of acetazolamide for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis." (PDF). BMJ 345: e6779. doi:10.1136/bmj.e6779. PMC 3475644. PMID 23081689.

[7] Reiss, WG; Oles, KS (May 1996). "Acetazolamide in the treatment of seizures.". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30 (5): 514–9. PMID 8740334.

[8] Scoliosis Research Society (2006-11-27). "Dural Ectasia in the Marfan Spine: Symptoms and Treatment.also it's been used in high-altitude mountain sickness". SpineUniverse. Retrieved 2007-11-15.

[9] Aurora, RN; Chowdhuri, S; Ramar, K; Bista, SR; Casey, KR; Lamm, CI; Kristo, DA; Mallea, JM; Rowley, JA; Zak, RS; Tracy, SL (January 2012). "The treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes in adults: practice parameters with an evidence-based literature review and meta-analyses." (PDF). Sleep 35 (1): 17–40. doi:10.5665/sleep.1580. PMC 3242685. PMID 22215916.

[altorg-10] "Altitude.org". 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-05.

[11] Leaf DE, Goldfarb DS (April 2007). "Mechanisms of action of acetazolamide in the prophylaxis and treatment of acute mountain sickness". J. Appl. Physiol. 102 (4): 1313–22. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01572.2005. PMID 17023566.

[Acclimatization-12] Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). "Altitude Acclimatization Guide". US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report (USARIEM–TN–04–05).

[13] Shamash, J; Earl, H; Souhami, R (1991). "Acetazolamide for alkalinisation of urine in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 28 (2): 150–1. doi:10.1007/BF00689708. PMID 2060085.

[14] Dutta, S; Goodsell, D (January 2004). "January 2004: Carbonic Anhydrase" (PDF). RCSB PDB Protein Data Bank. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[chem-15] Larsen, D. "Carbonic Anhydrase 2". UC Davis Chemwiki. University of California. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[16] ttp://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/426/handouts/Diamox%20mechanism_review_2007.pdf

[17] Roblin, Richard O.; Clapp, James W. (1950). Journal of the American Chemical Society 72 (11): 4890. doi:10.1021/ja01167a011.

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案内

案内

Dazamide