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DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is an herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis. It was introduced by Bayer in 1954 under the trade name of Diuron.

Mechanism of action

DCMU is a very specific and sensitive inhibitor of photosynthesis. It blocks the plastoquinone binding site of photosystem II, disallowing the electron flow from where it is generated, in photosystem II, to plastoquinone.^[2] This interrupts the photosynthetic electron transport chain in photosynthesis and thus reduces the ability of the plant to turn light energy into chemical energy (ATP and reductant potential).

DCMU only blocks electron flow from photosystem II, it has no effect on photosystem I or other reactions in photosynthesis, such as light absorption or carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.^{[citation needed]}

However, because it absorbs electrons oxidized from water in PS II, the electron "hole" of PS I cannot be satisfied, effectively shutting down "linear" photosynthesis by blocking the reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH. At the same time, it was found that DCMU not only does not inhibit the cyclic photosynthetic pathway, but, under certain circumstances, actually stimulates it.^[3]^[4]

Because of these effects, DCMU is often used to study energy flow in photosynthesis.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0247". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Metz, J; Pakrasi, H; Seibert, M; Arntzer, C (1986). "Evidence for a dual function of the herbicide-binding D1 protein in photosystem II". FEBS Letters 205 (2): 269. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80911-5.
^ HUBER, S.C. EDWARDS, G.E. (1976), Studies on the Pathway of Cyclic Electron Flow in Mesophyll Chloroplasts of a C4 Plant, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics, Volume 449, Issue 3, 6 December 1976, Pages 420-433, doi:10.1016/0005-2728(76)90153-5
^ "Regulation of Cyclic Photophosphorylation during Ferredoxin-Mediated Electron Transport : Effect of DCMU and the NADPH/NADP Ratio". Plant Physiol. 83 (4): 965–9. April 1987. doi:10.1104/pp.83.4.965. PMC 1056483. PMID 16665372.

English Journal

Coupling between high-frequency ultrasound and solar photo-Fenton at pilot scale for the treatment of organic contaminants: an initial approach.

Papoutsakis S1, Miralles-Cuevas S2, Gondrexon N3, Baup S3, Malato S2, Pulgarin C4.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2015 Jan;22:527-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 May 14.
This study aims to evaluate the performance of a novel pilot-scale coupled system consisting of a high frequency ultrasonic reactor (400kHz) and a compound parabolic collector (CPC). The benefits of the concurrent application of ultrasound and the photo-Fenton process were studied in regard to the d
PMID 24857683

Integrated electrochemical biosensor based on algal metabolism for water toxicity analysis.

Tsopela A1, Lale A1, Vanhove E1, Reynes O2, Séguy I1, Temple-Boyer P1, Juneau P3, Izquierdo R3, Launay J1.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Nov 15;61:290-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.004. Epub 2014 May 13.
An autonomous electrochemical biosensor with three electrodes integrated on the same silicon chip dedicated to the detection of herbicides in water was fabricated by means of silicon-based microfabrication technology. Platinum (Pt), platinum black (Pt Bl), tungsten/tungsten oxide (W/WO3) and iridium
PMID 24906088

Dose and temporal effects on gene expression profiles of urothelial cells from rats exposed to diuron.

Ihlaseh-Catalano SM1, Bailey KA2, Cardoso AP3, Ren H4, Fry RC5, Camargo JL6, Wolf DC7.
Toxicology.Toxicology.2014 Nov 5;325:21-30. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.005. Epub 2014 Aug 23.
Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a substituted urea herbicide that at high dietary levels (2500ppm) induces rat urinary bladder hyperplasia after 20 weeks of exposure and neoplasia after 2 years. The effects on the urothelium after short-term exposure have not been described. The
PMID 25152437

Japanese Journal

Photosynthesis-dependent and -independent responses of stomata to blue, red and green monochromatic light: differences between the normally oriented and inverted leaves of sunflower

Wang Yin,Noguchi Ko,Terashima Ichiro
Plant and Cell Physiology 52(3), 479-489, 2011-03
NAID 40018733622

Photosynthesis-Dependent Extracellular Ca2+ Influx Triggers an Asexual Reproductive Cycle in the Marine Red Macroalga Porphyra yezoensis

Takahashi Megumu,Saga Naotsune,Mikami Koji
American Journal of Plant Sciences 1(1), 1-11, 2010-09
… Moreover, it was also observed that initiation of asexual life cycle required illumination, was repressed by DCMU, and was induced by a Ca2+ ionophore in the dark. …
NAID 120002646846

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リンク元	「アニリン系除草剤中毒」
関連記事	「DC」「DCM」

「アニリン系除草剤中毒」

DCMU
Names
	Other names 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, Karmex, Diuron, Direx
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	330-54-1
ChEBI	CHEBI:116509
ChEMBL	ChEMBL278489
ChemSpider	3008
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H10Cl2N2O/c1-13(2)9(14)12-6-3-4-7(10)8(11)5-6/h3-5H,1-2H3,(H,12,14) ; Key: XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C9H10Cl2N2O/c1-13(2)9(14)12-6-3-4-7(10)8(11)5-6/h3-5H,1-2H3,(H,12,14); Key: XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYAZ ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
KEGG	C18428
	SMILES Clc1ccc(NC(=O)N(C)C)cc1Cl ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H10Cl2N2O
Molar mass	233.09 g·mol−1
Appearance	white crystalline solid
Density	1.48 g/cm3
Melting point	158 °C (316 °F; 431 K)
Boiling point	180 °C (356 °F; 453 K)
Solubility in water	42 mg/L
Vapor pressure	0.000000002 mmHg (20°C)
Hazards
EU classification	Harmful (Xn); Dangerous for the environment (N)
Flash point	noncombustible
	US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	none
REL (Recommended)	TWA 10 mg/m3
IDLH (Immediate danger	N.D.
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references