WordNet

attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"
the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container (同)gaseous state
a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)c
(music) the keynote of the scale of C major
a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『気体』,『ガス』 / 〈U〉(灯用・燃料用)ガス / 〈U〉《米話》=gasoline / 〈U〉(麻酔用の)亜酸化窒素,笑気(laughing gas);毒ガス(mustard gas, tear gasなど) / 〈U〉《話》むだ話,ばか話 / 〈C〉《単数形で》とても楽しいこと / 〈敵など〉‘を'毒ガスで攻撃する / 《米話》〈車〉‘に'ガソリンを入れる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 長々とむだ話をする
carbonの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/20 13:24:42」(JST)

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Phenacyl chloride is a substituted acetophenone. It is a useful building block in organic chemistry. Apart from that, it has been historically used as a riot control agent, where it is designated CN.^[3]

Preparation

Phenacyl chloride is readily available commercially. It may be synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene using chloroacetyl chloride, with an aluminium chloride catalyst:^[4]

Riot control agent

It was investigated, but not used, during the First and Second World Wars.

Because of its significantly greater toxicity,^[5] it has largely been supplanted by CS gas. Even though CN is still supplied to paramilitary and police forces in a small pressurized aerosol known as “Mace” or tear gas, its use is falling as pepper spray both works and disperses more quickly than CN.

The term "Mace" came into being because it was the brand-name invented by one of the first American manufacturers of CN aerosol sprays. Subsequently, In the United States, Mace became synonymous with tear-gas sprays in the same way that Kleenex has become strongly associated with tissue papers (a phenomenon known as a genericized trademark).^{[citation needed]}

Like CS gas, this compound irritates the mucous membranes (oral, nasal, conjunctival and tracheobronchial). Sometimes it can give rise to more generalized reactions such as syncope, temporary loss of balance and orientation.^[5] More rarely, cutaneous irritating outbreaks have been observed and allergic contact permanent dermatitis.^[3]

At high concentrations CN has caused corneal epithelial damage and chemosis. It has also accounted for at least five deaths, which have resulted from pulmonary injury and/or asphyxia.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0119". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "alpha-Chloroacetophenone". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b Treudler, R.; Tebbe, B.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Krasagakis, K.; Orfanos, C. E. (1999). "Occupational contact dermatitis due to 2-chloracetophenone tear gas". British Journal of Dermatology 140 (3): 531–534. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02724.x. PMID 10233281.
^ Levin, N.; Hartung, W. H. (1955). "ω-Chloroisonitrosoacetophenone". Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 3, p. 191
^ ^a ^b Ballantyne, B.; Swanston, D. W. (1978). "The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)". Archives of Toxicology 40 (2): 75–95. doi:10.1007/BF01891962. PMID 350195.
^ Blain, P. G. (2003). "Tear Gases and Irritant Incapacitants: 1-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile and Dibenz[b,f]-1,4-Oxazepine". Toxicological Reviews 22 (2): 103–110. doi:10.2165/00139709-200322020-00005. PMID 15071820.

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1. 薬物乱用検査（DOA） testing for drugs of abuse doa
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English Journal

Theoretical study on the structural and antioxidant properties of some recently synthesised 2,4,5-trimethoxy chalcones.

Wang G1, Xue Y2, An L3, Zheng Y3, Dou Y1, Zhang L3, Liu Y4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Mar 15;171:89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.106. Epub 2014 Sep 4.
The free radical scavenging activity of a series of 2,4,5-trimethoxy chalcones has been computationally explored using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Three potential working mechanisms, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), stepwise electron transfer proton transfer (SET-PT) and sequential prot
PMID 25308647

A novel electronic nose based on porous In2O3 microtubes sensor array for the discrimination of VOCs.

Yang W1, Wan P2, Jia M3, Hu J4, Guan Y3, Feng L5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Feb 15;64:547-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.081. Epub 2014 Oct 2.
We have innovatively developed an electronic nose consisting of only one type of semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) material. The representative SMO material, porous In2O3 microtubes in this work, offered great surface area and large gas penetration channels. By using a solvent casting process, differe
PMID 25310487

Microwave, structural, conformational, vibrational studies and ab initio calculations of isocyanocyclopentane.

Durig JR1, Klaassen JJ2, Sawant DK2, Deodhar BS2, Panikar SS2, Gurusinghe RM3, Darkhalil ID2, Tubergen MJ3.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Feb 5;136 Pt A:3-15. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.078. Epub 2013 Dec 28.
The infrared and Raman spectra (3200-50cm(-1)) of the gas, liquid or solution, and solid have been recorded of isocyanocyclopentane, c-C5H9NC. FT-microwave studies have also been carried out and 23 transitions were recorded for the envelope-axial (Ax) conformer. Variable temperature (-65 to -100°C)
PMID 24480667

Japanese Journal

30aAX-1 飛翔体の高速衝突後に発生するプルーム内CN,C_2分子の発光測定(30aAX プラズマ科学・プラズマ基礎(原子分子過程・高強度レーザー生成プラズマ),領域2(プラズマ))

近藤和彦,三重野哲,長谷川直,黒澤耕介
日本物理学会講演概要集 69(1-2), 280, 2014-03-05
NAID 110009834549

N₂ or H₂/Isobutane Supermagnetron Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hydrogenated Amorphous CNx Films for Application to Elementary Amorphous CNx:H/p-Si Photovoltaic Cell

Kinoshita Haruhisa,Ninomiya Yosuke,Kato Takeyuki
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(11), 116201-116201-6, 2013-11-25
… Hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride (a-CN<inf>x</inf>:H) films were formed on p-Si wafers set on the lower electrode by pulsed supermagnetron plasma chemical vapor deposition using N<inf>2</inf>or H<inf>2</inf>/isobutane (i-C<inf>4</inf>H<inf>10</inf>) mixed gases. … The N<inf>2</inf>or H<inf>2</inf>gas concentration was controlled at levels of 0--80%. …
NAID 40019883561

New Result on the Production of ²⁷⁷Cn by the ²⁰⁸Pb + ⁷⁰Zn Reaction

SUMITA Takayuki,MORIMOTO Kouji,KAJI Daiya [他]
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 82(2), 024202-1-5, 2013-02
NAID 40019576096

「CNガス」

Phenacyl chloride
Names
	IUPAC name 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone
	Other names alpha-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chloroacetophenone, Chloromethyl phenyl ketone, Phenyl chloromethyl ketone
Identifiers
CAS Number	532-27-4
ChEMBL	ChEMBL105712
ChemSpider	10303
IUPHAR/BPS	6285
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
PubChem	10757
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H7ClO/c9-6-8(10)7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H,6H2 ;
	SMILES c1ccc(cc1)C(=O)CCl ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C8H7ClO
Molar mass	154.59 g·mol−1
Appearance	white to gray crystalline solid
Odor	pungent and irritating
Density	1.324 g/cm3
Melting point	54 to 56 °C (129 to 133 °F; 327 to 329 K)
Boiling point	244.5 °C (472.1 °F; 517.6 K)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Vapor pressure	0.005 mmHg (20 °C)
Hazards
Main hazards	Combustible
EU classification (DSD)	T
NFPA 704	1 3 0
Flash point	88 °C (190 °F; 361 K)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LCLo (Lowest published)	417 mg/m3 (rat, 15 min); 600 mg/m3 (mouse, 15 min); 465 mg/m3 (rabbit, 20 min); 490 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 30 min); 159 mg/m3 (human, 20 min); 850 mg/m3 (human, 10 min)
	US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 0.3 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 0.3 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
IDLH (Immediate danger	15 mg/m3
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references