WordNet

turn or become green; "The trees are greening"
green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass (同)greenness, viridity
an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; "the ball rolled across the green and into the bunker" (同)putting_green, putting surface
of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass; "a green tree"; "green fields"; "green paint" (同)greenish, light-green, dark-green
not fully developed or mature; not ripe; "unripe fruit"; "fried green tomatoes"; "green wood" (同)unripe, unripened, immature
concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party
looking pale and unhealthy; "youre looking green"; "green around the gills"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952) (同)William Green
a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River (同)Green River
an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party
any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine; "urine passes out of the kidney through ureters to the bladder"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『緑の,緑色の』,青々とした / (季節が)新緑の;(木々の緑が残って)温暖な / (果物が)うれていない;(酒・チーズなどが)熟成していない / 未経験の / (食物・木材・皮などが)生の;調理して(乾燥して,なめして)ない / 青野菜の;青草の / 活気のある,元気な;若い / (記億などが)生々しい / 〈U〉『緑色』;緑色の服[地];〈C〉緑色の絵の具 / 〈C〉草地,緑地,芝;(町・村の)芝の生えた共有地 / 〈C〉《複数形で》《米》装飾用の緑葉(緑枝);野菜,青物 / 〈C〉(ゴルフの)グリーン(芝を短く刈ったパット区域)
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
『さる』(猿)(普通小さくて尾のあるサル) / 《話》猿に似た顔つきの人(動作をする人);(特に)いたずら小僧 / 《英俗》500ポンド,500ドル / (…を)いじる《+『around with』+『名』》
腎臓;(食品としての)羊(豚など)の腎臓 / 《文》気質,性質,たち(nature)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/26 11:50:43」(JST)

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Phase-contrast microscopic image of Vero cells. (under green light. 100-fold magnification.)

Vero cells are lineages of cells used in cell cultures.^[1] The 'Vero' lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey (Chlorocebus sp.; formerly called Cercopithecus aethiops, this group of monkeys has been split into several different species). The lineage was developed on 27 March 1962, by Yasumura and Kawakita at the Chiba University in Chiba, Japan.^[2] The original cell line was named "Vero" after an abbreviation of verda reno, which means "green kidney" in Esperanto, while vero itself means "truth" also in Esperanto.^[3]

Vero cells are used for many purposes, including:

screening for the toxin of Escherichia coli, first named "Vero toxin" after this cell line, and later called "Shiga-like toxin" due to its similarity to Shiga toxin isolated from Shigella dysenteriae
as host cells for growing virus; for example, to measure replication in the presence or absence of a research pharmaceutical, the testing for the presence of rabies virus, or the growth of viral stocks for research purposes
as host cells for eukaryotic parasites, specially of the trypanosomatids

The Vero cell lineage is continuous and aneuploid. A continuous cell lineage can be replicated through many cycles of division and not become senescent.^[4] Aneuploidy is the characteristic of having an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Vero cells are interferon-deficient; unlike normal mammalian cells, they do not secrete interferon alpha or beta when infected by viruses.^[5] However, they still have the Interferon-alpha/beta receptor, so they respond normally when interferon from another source is added to the culture.

The whole genome sequence of a Vero cell line was determined by Japanese investigators in 2014.^[6] Chromosome 12 of Vero cells has a homozygous ~9-Mb deletion, causing the loss of the type I interferon gene cluster and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2A and CDKN2B in the genome.^[6] Although African green monkeys were previously classified as Cercopithecus aethiops, they have been placed within the genus Chlorocebus, which includes several species.^[7] The genome analysis indicated that the Vero cell lineage is derived from a female Chlorocebus sabaeus.^[6]

Lineages

Vero(ATCC No. CCL-81)

Isolated from C. aethiops kidney on 27 Mar 1962

Vero 76 (ATCC No. CRL-1587)

Isolated from Vero in 1968, it grows to a lower saturation density (cells per unit area) than the original Vero. It is useful for detecting and counting hemorrhagic fever viruses by plaque assays.

Vero E6, also known as Vero C1008 (ATCC No. CRL-1586)

This line is a clone from Vero 76. Vero E6 cells show some contact inhibition, so are suitable for propagating viruses that replicate slowly.

Research strains transfected with viral genes:

Vero F6 is a cell transfected with the gene encoding HHV-1 entry protein glycoprotein-H (gH).^[8] Vero F6 was transfected via a concatenated plasmid with the gH gene after a copy of the HHV-1 glycoprotein-D (gD) promoter region. In Vero lineage F6, expression of gH is under the control of the promoter region of gD. (Also F6B2; obs. F6B1.1)

References

^ History and Characterization of the Vero Cell Line -- A Report prepared by CDR Rebecca Sheets, Ph.D., USPHS CBER/OVRR/DVRPA/VVB for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting to be held on May 12, 2000 OPEN SESSION www.fda.gov pdf
^ Yasumura Y, Kawakita M (1963). "The research for the SV40 by means of tissue culture technique". Nippon Rinsho 21 (6): 1201–1219.
^ Shimizu B (1993). Seno K, Koyama H, Kuroki T, ed. Manual of selected cultured cell lines for bioscience and biotechnology (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kyoritsu Shuppan. pp. 299–300. ISBN 4-320-05386-9.
^ "Main Types of Cell Culture". Fundamental Techniques in Cell Culture: a Laboratory Handbook. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
^ Desmyter J, Melnick JL, Rawls WE (October 1968). "Defectiveness of Interferon Production and of Rubella Virus Interference in a Line of African Green Monkey Kidney Cells (Vero)". J. Virol. 2 (10): 955–61. PMC 375423. PMID 4302013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Osada N, Kohara A, Yamaji T, Hirayama N, Kasai F, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Hanada K (2014). "The genome landscape of the African green monkey kidney-derived Vero cell line". DNA Research 21: 673–83. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsu029.
^ Haus T, Akom E, Agwanda B, Hofreiter M, Roos C, Zinner D (2013). "Mitochondrial diversity and distribution of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus gray, 1870)". American Journal Primatology 75: 350–60. doi:10.1002/ajp.22113.
^ Forrester A, Farrell H, Wilkinson G, Kaye J, Davis-Poynter N, Minson T (1 January 1992). "Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted". J Virol 66 (1): 341–8. PMC 238293. PMID 1309250.

External links

Cellosaurus entry for Vero

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English Journal

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus inhibits dsRNA-induced interferon-β production in porcine intestinal epithelial cells by blockade of the RIG-I-mediated pathway.

Cao L1, Ge X2, Gao Y3, Herrler G4, Ren Y5, Ren X6, Li G7.
Virology journal.Virol J.2015 Aug 18;12:127. doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0345-x.
BACKGROUND: The lack of optimal porcine cell lines has severely impeded the study and progress in elucidation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) pathogenesis. Vero cell, an African green monkey kidney cell line, was often used to isolate and propagate PEDV. Nonetheless, the target cells of PE
PMID 26283628

The Function of Embryonic Stem Cell-expressed RAS (E-RAS), a Unique RAS Family Member, Correlates with Its Additional Motifs and Its Structural Properties.

Nakhaei-Rad S1, Nakhaeizadeh H1, Kordes C2, Cirstea IC3, Schmick M4, Dvorsky R1, Bastiaens PI4, Häussinger D2, Ahmadian MR5.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2015 Jun 19;290(25):15892-903. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.640607. Epub 2015 May 4.
E-RAS is a member of the RAS family specifically expressed in embryonic stem cells, gastric tumors, and hepatic stellate cells. Unlike classical RAS isoforms (H-, N-, and K-RAS4B), E-RAS has, in addition to striking and remarkable sequence deviations, an extended 38-amino acid-long unique N-terminal
PMID 25940089

Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, molecular docking, anti-colon cancer and anti-microbial studies of some novel metal complexes for 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole derivative.

Al-Harbi SA1, Bashandy MS2, Al-Saidi HM1, Emara AA3, Mousa TA4.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Jun 15;145:425-39. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.054. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
This article describes the synthesis of novel bidentate Schiff base (H2L) from condensation of 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole (APT) with 4,6-diacetylresorcinol (DAR) in the molar ratio 2:1. We studied interaction of ligand (H2L) with transition metal ions such as Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II
PMID 25796013

Japanese Journal

A polymorphism of the TIM-1 IgV domain: Implications for the susceptibility to filovirus infection

Kuroda Makoto,Fujikura Daisuke,Noyori Osamu,Kajihara Masahiro,Maruyama Junki,Miyamoto Hiroko,Yoshida Reiko,Takada Ayato
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 455(3-4), 223-228, 2014-12-12
… Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-I) is one of the host proteins that have been shown to promote filovirus entry into cells. … In this study, we cloned TIM-1 genes from three different African green monkey kidney cell lines (Vero E6, COS-I, and BSC-1) and found that TIM-1 of Vero E6 had a 23-amino acid deletion and 6 amino acid substitutions compared with those of COS-1 and BSC-1. …
NAID 120005540285

Application of LDH-Release Assay to Cellular-Level Evaluation of the Toxic Potential of Harmful Algal Species

ZOU Yanan,KIM Daekyung,YAGI Motoaki,YAMASAKI Yasuhiro,KURITA Jun,IIDA Takaji,MATSUYAMA Yukihiko,YAMAGUCHI Kenichi,ODA Tatsuya
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 77(2), 345-352, 2013-02-23
NAID 10031164739