出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/02 14:35:00」(JST)
Something is written-off when its recognized value is reduced. In accounting, this is a recognition of the reduced or zero value of an asset. In income tax statements, this is a reduction of taxable income as recognition of certain expenses required to produce the income. In vehicle insurance, a write-off is a vehicle that has been "totaled" (a total loss) and is therefore cheaper to replace than to repair.
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In income tax calculation, a write-off is the itemized deduction of an item's value from one's taxable income. Thus, if a person in the USA has a taxable income of $50,000 per year, a $100 telephone for business use would lower the taxable income to $49,900. If that person is in a 25% tax bracket, the tax due would be lowered by $25. Thus the net cost of the telephone is $75 instead of $100.
In business accounting, the term write-off is used to refer to an investment (such as a purchase of sellable goods) for which a return on the investment is now impossible or unlikely. The item's potential return is thus canceled and removed from ("written off") the business's balance sheet. Common write-offs in retail include spoiled and damaged goods.
Similarly, banks write off bad debt that is declared noncollectable (such as a loan on a defunct business or a credit card due that is now in default), removing it from their balance sheets.
A negative write-off refers to the decision not to pay back an individual or organization that has overpaid on an account. Negative write-offs can sometimes be seen as fraudulent activity if those who overpay a claim or bill are not informed that they have overpaid and are not given any chance to reconcile their overpayment or be refunded.
Some institutions such as banks, hospitals, universities, and other large organizations regularly perform negative write-offs, especially when the amount is considered low dollar, e.g. $5.00 at some places or up to $15.00 or more at others.[citation needed]
A writedown is an accounting treatment that recognizes the reduced value of an impaired asset. The value of an asset may change due to fundamental changes in technology or markets. One example is when one company purchases another and pays more than the net fair value of its assets and liabilities. The excess purchase price is recorded on the buying company's accounts as goodwill. If it becomes apparent that the purchased company no longer has the value recorded in the goodwill account (it can't be resold at the same price), the value in the goodwill asset account is "written down". Rupert Murdoch's News Corp bought Wall Street Journal publisher Dow Jones at a 60 percent premium in 2007, which News Corp later had to write down by $2.8 billion because of declining ad revenues.[1]
A writedown is sometimes considered synonymous with a write-off.[2] The distinction is that while a write-off is generally completely removed from the balance sheet, a writedown leaves the asset with a lower value.[3] As an example, one of the consequences of the 2007 subprime crisis at financial institutions was a revaluation under mark to market rules:
Diminished Value is the reduction in a vehicle's market value occurring after a vehicle is wrecked and repaired, otherwise called accelerated depreciation. A reasonable person will not pay the same price for a wrecked-the-repaired vehicle as they will for a vehicle with no prior accident history. Even if the repairs are proper, the vehicle will still lose value. To collect diminished value after a car accident, insurance companies usually ask for a diminished value report.
In Canada, this is more commonly called accelerated depreciation; how a person goes about reclaiming those losses in either country is a different process. In some states, insurance companies acknowledge diminished value and provide this coverage direct to their consumers. In Canada, in order to recuperate the lost value after an accident, a person needs to retain legal council and order an acceleration depreciation report on their car for the courts use.
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