WordNet

stack in cords; "cord firewood"
a unit of amount of wood cut for burning; 128 cubic feet
a cut pile fabric with vertical ribs; usually made of cotton (同)corduroy
a light insulated conductor for household use (同)electric cord
a line made of twisted fibers or threads; "the bundle was tied with a cord"
bind or tie with a cord
relating to or designed for or using the singing voice; "vocal technique"; "the vocal repertoire"; "organized a vocal group to sing his compositions"
full of the sound of voices; "a playground vocal with the shouts and laughter of children"
having or using the power to produce speech or sound; "vocal organs"; "all vocal beings hymned their praise"
loss of the ability to move a body part (同)palsy
of textiles; having parallel raised lines (同)twilled

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『綱,ひも』(stringより太くropeより細い) / 〈U〉〈C〉束縛,きずな / 〈C〉〈U〉(電気の)『コード』,線 / (またchord)〈C〉(動物体の)索状組織,腱(けん) / 〈C〉うね織り,(特に)コールテン;(うね織りの)うね;《複数形で》コールテンのズボン / 〈C〉コード(材木の容積の単位で約6.25m) / …'を'綱(ひも)で縛る
『声の』,音声の / 声に出す,口頭の / 《話》(意見などを)遠慮なくしゃべる,口やかましい / (ポピュラー歌手の)ボーカル
(体の)麻痺(まひ),中風 / (…の)停滞《+『of』+『名』》
(驚いて)わあっ,えっ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/11 21:03:18」(JST)

wiki en

Vocal cord paresis (or paralysis) is weakness of one or both vocal folds. Symptoms of paresis include hoarseness; vocal fatigue; mild to severe reduction in vocal volume; pain in the throat when speaking; shortness of breath; aspiration (food or liquids going down the trachea) with frequent resultant coughing, and in extreme cases may cause death. Gargling fluids may also become difficult. Vocal cord paresis can greatly impact daily life, employment, job choice, social interactions, and leisure time pursuits.

Reduced vocal cord mobility may decrease the effectiveness of coughing, swallowing, or sneezing in removing mucosal wastes from the laryngeal area. The resultant accumulations may allow for viral and bacterial colonization with an increased tendency for infections and throat discomfort.

Some causes of paresis include viral infection; cancer or tumor compressing the recurrent laryngeal nerve; intramuscular tumor limiting vocal fold movement; trauma; compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve^[1] from intubation, or laryngopharyngeal reflux. Cardiac surgery represents a risk to normal voice function as the nerves serving the larynx are routed near the heart. Damage to this nerve during open heart surgery is not uncommon. The recurrent laryngeal nerve also runs in close proximity to the thyroid gland making hoarseness of voice due to partial paralysis an important side effect of thyroid surgery. Neurological diseases such as Parkinson's can deteriorate vocal functions. Paresis may occur from an unknown cause (idiopathic).

Vocal paresis is diagnosed by observing the lack of (or reduced) motion of one or both cords using a laryngoscope. EMG (electromyography) may be used to measure the strength of the neuromuscular signal from the brain to the muscles controlling the vocal folds. This diagnosis can be made by a laryngologist or otolaryngologist with the assistance of a neurologist. In situations involving inflammation, recovery of normal motion of the vocal cords may return spontaneously.

Emotional and stress factors

The onset of vocal dysfunction may not relate to a voice overuse event or an obvious medical complication. Recent emotional events may be implicated in diminishing voice strength and control. Allowing the passage of time along with reduced demands on the voice are appropriate approaches to voice restoration. Referrals for psychological support are common, but it is important to note that numerous psychoactive medications present voice-weakening side effects. Attempting prescription medication treatment for voice weakness may mask, exacerbating medical deterioration.

Surgical intervention

In the event of significant voice weakness, surgery may be required to provide temporary or permanent medialization of the vocal cords. These procedures will mechanically move the vocal cord and underlying muscular tissue toward midline (medialize) to allow a stronger "strike" against the opposite vocal cord, thus providing for a stronger and louder voice. The injection of purified animal fat is a temporary means to accomplish medialization. The surgical insertion of "buttons" of sculpted silicone or similar deformable plastic substances just inside the trachea wall will permanently medialize a vocal cord. This procedure is done under local anesthetic, to allow the patient to phonate, thus allowing the surgeon to experiment with the best size and shape of the "button" for maximal remediation. This procedure can be done unilaterally or bilaterally. In all cases, after this surgery, the relaxed position of the vocal cords will allow the passage of less breath than before the medialization. The airway is rendered smaller and this effect must be a significant consideration of the surgeon.

References

^ "Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis as intubation injury?". PubMed.gov. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 August 2012.

External links

Overview at Merck Manual
Overview at Mayo Clinic
nidcd.nih.gov

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における嗄声 hoarseness in adults
2. 小児における嗄声の病因およびマネージメント etiology and management of hoarseness in children
3. 麻酔後ケア病棟における合併症発生の概要 overview of complications occurring in the post anesthesia care unit
4. 声帯奇異性運動 paradoxical vocal cord motion
5. 小児における吸気時喘鳴の評価 assessment of stridor in children

English Journal

Array-CGH is an effective first-tier diagnostic test for EFTUD2-associated congenital mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM).

Gandomi SK, Parra M, Reeves D, Yap V, Gau CL.SourceAmbry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA.
Clinical genetics.Clin Genet.2013 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/cge.12328. [Epub ahead of print]
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a sporadic malformation syndrome with severe craniofacial abnormalities, microcephaly, developmental delay, and dysmorphic features. Most cases of clinically diagnosed MFDM remain genetically unexplained, and to the best of our knowledge a total
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Reversible Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy in Pediatric Graves' Disease.

Chiu HK, Ledbetter D, Richter MW, Iyer RS, Merati AL.SourceDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
Pediatrics.Pediatrics.2013 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Vocal cord paralysis associated with goiter usually indicates the presence of a malignancy. Pediatric patients retain significant thymic tissue that regresses only later in life. This thymic tissue can develop significant hyperplasia during an acute autoimmune process. We describe a case of a 17-yea
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Use of ultrasonography to locate laryngeal structures for laryngeal electromyography.

Seo HG, Jang HJ, Oh BM, Kim W, Han TR.SourceDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation.PM R.2013 Nov 18. pii: S1934-1482(13)01186-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.11.008. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To measure the representative anatomical landmarks for laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) and delineate an accurate ultrasonography-guided approach.DESIGN: Retrospective study.SETTING: University hospital.PARTICIPANTS: 518 patients (270 men and 248 women) who underwent LEMG METHODS: The au
PMID 24262276

Japanese Journal

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多系統萎縮症患者における全身麻酔後両側声帯外転麻痺の1症例

麻酔 64(6), 651-654, 2015-06
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Nasogastric Tube Syndrome : a Potentially Fatal But Treatable Complication

気管支学 : 日本気管支研究会雑誌 37(3), 293-296, 2015-05-25
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「声帯麻痺」「laryngeal paralysis」「vocal cord paresis」「vocal cord palsy」「recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy」
関連記事	「cord」「cor」「vocal」