WordNet

a United States dry unit equal to 2 pints or 67.2 cubic inches (同)dry quart
a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 pints or 1.136 liters
a United States liquid unit equal to 32 fluid ounces; four quarts equal one gallon

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クォート(液量の単位で《米》約0.95リットル,《英》約1.13リットル;乾量の単位で《米》約1.1リットル,《英》約1.13リットル;《略》『qt.』,複数形は『qts.』) / 1クォート容器(ます・びん・つぼなど)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/09 23:11:46」(JST)

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The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle extends from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) to the obex, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The fourth ventricle has a characteristic diamond shape in cross-sections of the human brain. It is located within the pons or in the upper part of the medulla. CSF entering the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct can exit to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord through two lateral apertures and a single, midline median aperture.

Roof and floor

The fourth ventricle has a "roof" dorsally and a "floor" ventrally. The roof of the fourth ventricle is formed by the cerebellum (superior and inferior medullary vela). The fastigium, (Latin for summit), is used to refer to the peak of the fourth ventricle.^[1]The fastigial nucleus lies immediately above the roof of the fourth ventricle.

The side "walls" are formed by the cerebellar peduncles.

The floor of the fourth ventricle is formed by the rhomboid fossa. Among the prominent features of the floor of the fourth ventricle are the:

facial colliculus: formed by the internal part of the facial nerve as it loops around the abducens nucleus in the lower pons;
sulcus limitans: which represents the border between the alar plate and the basal plate of the developing neural tube;
obex: represents the caudal tip of the fourth ventricle; the obex is also a marker for the level of the foramen magnum of the skull and therefore is a marker for the imaginary dividing line between the medulla and spinal cord.
"median sulcus" - divides the floor into right and left halves. It extends from cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to central canal of the spinal cord.
"stria medullaris" - fibers derived from arcuate nuclei, which emerge from the median sulcus and run transversely across the floor to enter into the inferior cerebellar penducle.
"medial eminence" - elevations on either side of the median sulcus.
"sulcus limitans" - medial eminence is laterally bounded by sulcus limitans.
"vestibular area" - lateral to sulcus limitans vestibular nuclei is overlied by this.
The upper end of the sulcus limitans widens into a triangular depression called "superior fovea". Above the superior fovea sulcus limitans presents a flattened grey area called "locus ceruleus".
The lower end of the sulcus limitans widens into a triangular depression called "Inferior fovea".
Other features are the hypoglossal trigone and the vagal trigone.

Development

The ventricular system including the fourth ventricle, develops from the central canal of the neural tube. Specifically, the fourth ventricle originates from the portion of the tube that is present in the developing rhombencephalon.^[2] During the first trimester of pregnancy the central canal expands into the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, connected by thinner channels.^[3]Choroid plexuses appear in the ventricles which produce cerebrospinal fluid. If the flow of fluid is blocked ventricles may become enlarged and cause hydrocephalus.

Clinical significance

The fourth ventricle is a common location of an intracranial ependymomal tumour.

References

^ Dr. M. A. (Toby) Arnold. "Anatomy Glossary".
^ Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Vasan, Neil (2010). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th Anniversary Edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-07-163340-6.
^ Carlson, Bruce M. (1999). Human Embryology & Developmental Biology. Mosby. pp. 237–238. ISBN 0-8151-1458-3.

Additional images

Transverse section of medulla oblongata below the middle of the olive.
Rhomboid fossa.
Median sagittal section of brain.
Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from the side.
Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ.
Fourth ventricle

External links

Atlas image: n2a8p1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Fourth Ventricle, Sagittal Section, Medial View"
Stained brain slice images which include the "fourth%20ventricle" at the BrainMaps project
Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Concordant localization of functional urotensin II and urotensin II-related peptide binding sites in the rat brain: Atypical occurrence close to the fourth ventricle.

Bucharles C1, Bizet P, Arthaud S, Arabo A, Leprince J, Lefranc B, Cartier D, Anouar Y, Lihrmann I.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2014 Aug 1;522(11):2634-49. doi: 10.1002/cne.23553.
Urotensin II (UII) and Urotensin II-related peptide (URP) are structurally related paralog peptides that exert peripheral and central effects. UII binding sites have been partly described in brain, and those of URP have never been reported. We exhaustively compared [(125) I]-UII and -URP binding sit
PMID 24478001

Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of tubercular ventriculitis: An under-recognized complication of tubercular meningitis.

Singh P1, Paliwal VK2, Neyaz Z3, Srivastava AK4, Verma R5, Mohan S6.
Journal of the neurological sciences.J Neurol Sci.2014 Jul 15;342(1-2):137-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.05.007. Epub 2014 May 15.
BACKGROUND: Ventriculitis also referred as ependymitis or ventricular empyema is a known complication of pyogenic meningitis. Despite high incidence of tubercular meningitis in developing countries, there are hardly any reports of tubercular ventriculitis.METHODS: Five patients (four males and one f
PMID 24863006

Magnetic resonance imaging signs of presumed elevated intracranial pressure in dogs.

Bittermann S1, Lang J1, Henke D2, Howard J3, Gorgas D4.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997).Vet J.2014 Jul;201(1):101-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.020. Epub 2014 May 6.
The aim of this study was to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with presumed elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in dogs and to evaluate whether MRI could be used to discriminate between dogs with and without elevated ICP. Of 91 dogs that underwent cranial MRI examinatio
PMID 24888678

「第4脳室」

Fourth ventricle
	Scheme showing relations of the ventricles to the surface of the brain. (Fourth ventricle labeled at bottom center.)
	Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from above. (Fourth ventricle visible at bottom center.)
Details
Latin	ventriculus quartus
Identifiers
Gray's	p.797
MeSH	A08.186.211.276.500
NeuroNames	hier-617
NeuroLex ID	Fourth ventricle
TA	A14.1.05.701
FMA	78469
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

　　[★]

英: fourth ventricle (KH)
ラ: ventriculus quartus
同: 第4脳室、第四脳室
関: 第4脳室正中口、第4脳室外側口。脳室系、脳室

[show details]

第4脳室 : 約 58,100 件
第四脳室 : 約 53,200 件

図：N.102,103

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「ventriculus」

　　[★]

室、腔、胃

関: alveus、cavity、gastric、gastro、space、stomach、ventricle、ventricular、ventriculi

[1] Dr. M. A. (Toby) Arnold. "Anatomy Glossary".

[2] Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Vasan, Neil (2010). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th Anniversary Edition. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-07-163340-6.

[3] Carlson, Bruce M. (1999). Human Embryology & Developmental Biology. Mosby. pp. 237–238. ISBN 0-8151-1458-3.

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ventriculus quartus