upper respiratory tract infections

同

URIs

WordNet

1. (medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
2. (phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
3. the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
4. (international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
5. moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
6. an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
7. the topmost one of two
8. piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
9. higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
10. superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
11. a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
12. an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
13. a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
14. a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
15. the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
16. the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"
17. pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病
2. (場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）
3. 広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
4. (おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
5. 跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図
6. 呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/27 20:31:49」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Upper respiratory tract infection
Classification and external resources
Conducting passages.
ICD-10	J00-06, J30-39
ICD-9	465.9

Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. This commonly includes: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.

Common URI terms are defined as follows:

• Rhinitis - Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
• Rhinosinusitis or sinusitis - Inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid
• Nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis or the common cold) - Inflammation of the nares, pharynx,hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils
• Pharyngitis - Inflammation of the pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils
• Epiglottitis (supraglottitis) - Inflammation of the superior portion of the larynx and supraglottic area
• Laryngitis - Inflammation of the larynx
• Laryngotracheitis - Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and subglottic area
• Tracheitis - Inflammation of the trachea and subglottic area

Signs and symptoms

Acute upper respiratory tract infections include rhinitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis and laryngitis often referred to as a common cold, and their complications: sinusitis, ear infection and sometimes bronchitis (though bronchi are generally classified as part of the lower respiratory tract.) Symptoms of URI's commonly include cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, low grade fever, facial pressure and sneezing. Onset of symptoms usually begins 1–3 days after exposure. The illness usually lasts 7–10 days.

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis(strep throat) typically presents with a sudden onset of sore throat, pain with swallowing and fever. Strep throat does not usually cause runny nose, voice changes or cough.

Pain and pressure of the ear caused by a middle ear infection (Otitis media) and the reddening of the eye caused by viral Conjunctivitis are often associated with upper respiratory infections.

URI, seasonal allergies, influenza: symptom comparison

Symptoms	Allergy	URI	Influenza
Itchy, watery eyes	Common	Rare (conjunctivitis may occur with adenovirus)	Soreness behind eyes, sometimes conjunctivitis
Nasal discharge	Common	Common	Common
Nasal congestion	Common	Common	Sometimes
Sneezing	Very common	Very common	Sometimes
Sore throat	Sometimes (postnasal drip)	Very common	Sometimes
Cough	Sometimes	Common (mild to moderate, hacking)	Common (dry cough, can be severe)
Headache	Uncommon	Rare	Common
Fever	Never	Rare in adults, possible in children	Very common (100-102°F (or higher in young children), lasting 3–4 days; may have chills)
Malaise	Sometimes	Sometimes	Very common
Fatigue, weakness	Sometimes	Sometimes	Very common, can last for weeks, extreme exhaustion early in course
Muscle pain	Never	Slight	Very common, often severe

Cause

Over 200 different viruses have been isolated in patients with URIs. The most common virus is called the rhinovirus. Other viruses include the coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus.

Up to 15% of acute pharyngitis cases may be caused by bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pyogenes a Group A streptococcus in Streptococcal pharyngitis ("Strep Throat"). Other bacterial causes are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, corynebacterium diphtheriae, bordetella pertussis, and bacillus anthracis.

Prevention

Probiotics may be useful in preventing URTIs. Vaccination may even help prevent URTIs, mostly against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, bacillus anthracis, and bordetella pertussis.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. There are currently no medications or herbal remedies which have been conclusively demonstrated to shorten the duration of the illness. Treatment comprises symptomatic support usually via analgesics for headache, sore throat and muscle aches.

Moderate exercise in sedentary subjects with naturally acquired URTI probably does not alter the overall severity and duration of the illness. Getting plenty of sleep; however, is advisable since even mild sleep deprivation has been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to infection. No randomized trials have been conducted to ascertain benefits of increasing fluid intake.

Antibiotics

Judicious use of antibiotics can decrease adverse effects of antibiotics as well as decrease costs. But more importantly, decreased antibiotic usage will prevent the rise of drug resistant bacteria, which is now a growing problem in the world. Health authorities have been strongly encouraging physicians to decrease the prescribing of antibiotics to treat common upper respiratory tract infections because antibiotic usage does not significantly reduce recovery time for these viral illnesses. Some have advocated a delayed antibiotic approach to treating URIs which seeks to reduce the consumption of antibiotics while attempting to maintain patient satisfaction. Most studies show no difference in improvement of symptoms between those treated with antibiotics right away and those with delayed prescriptions. Most studies also show no difference in patient satisfaction, patient complications, symptoms between delayed and no antibiotics. A strategy of "no antibiotics" results in even less antibiotic use than a strategy of "delayed antibiotics". However, in certain higher risk patients with underlying lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evidence does exist to support the treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics to shorten the course of the illness and decrease treatment failure.

Decongestants

According to a Cochrane review single oral dose of nasal decongestant in the common cold is modestly effective for the short term relief of congestion in adults; however, "there is insufficient data on the use of decongestants in children." Therefore decongestants are not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age with the common cold. Oral decongestants are also contraindicated in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and history of bleeding strokes.

Alternative medicine

The use of Vitamin C in the inhibition and treatment of upper respiratory infections has been suggested since the initial isolation of vitamin C in the 1930s. Some evidence exists to indicate that it could be justified in persons exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise and/or cold environments.

The benefits versus risk of nasal irrigation are currently unclear and therefore is not recommended.

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for upper respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

  no data

  less than 10

  10-30

  30-60

  60-90

  90-120

  120-150

  150-180

  180-210

  210-240

  240-270

  270-300

  more than 300

As of 2010 upper respiratory infections caused about 3,000 deaths down from 4,000 in 1990. In United States URIs are the most common infectious illness in the general population. URIs are the leading reasons for people missing work and school. URI is the leading diagnosis in the office setting.

See also

• Lower respiratory tract infection

References

External links

• Colds and the Flu - Treatment from FamilyDoctor
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infection from Cleveland Clinic Online Medical Reference

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. Upper respiratory tract infections: Considerations in adolescent and adult athletes
• 2. The common cold in adults: Treatment and prevention
• 3. The common cold in children: Management and prevention
• 4. The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features
• 5. 小児における感冒：臨床的特徴および診断 the common cold in children clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

• Tonsillectomy as a treatment for psoriasis: a review.

• Wu W1, Debbaneh M, Moslehi H, Koo J, Liao W.
• The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):482-6. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848258. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
• Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that affects 1% to 3% of the general population worldwide. Streptococcal infection, especially streptococcal pharyngitis, has been shown to be a significant trigger of psoriasis in some patients, possibly by sensitizing T cells to keratin epitopes in the skin. Du
• PMID 24283892

• Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene with residence in the lung.

• Schinwald A1, Murphy F, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Sefiane K, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ.
• Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):824-32. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.831502. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
• Two-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In
• PMID 23924429

• A real-time microfluidic multiplex electrochemical loop-mediated isothermal amplification chip for differentiating bacteria.

• Luo J1, Fang X1, Ye D1, Li H1, Chen H1, Zhang S1, Kong J2.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Oct 15;60:84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.073. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
• This report shows that loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of nucleic acid can be integrated on a laser etched indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode-based multiplex microfluidic chip for real-time quantitative differentiation of bacteria; we call this technique microfluidic multiplex electroche
• PMID 24787122

Japanese Journal

• クライオパイリン関連周期性発熱症候群に対するヒト化抗IL-1βモノクローナル抗体製剤カナキヌマブの効果

• 横田 俊平,菊地 雅子,野澤 智,木澤 敏毅,金高 太一,宮前 多佳子,森 雅亮,西小森 隆太,高田 英俊,平家 俊男,原 寿郎,今川 智之
• 日本臨床免疫学会会誌 = Japanese journal of clinical immunology 35(1), 23-29, 2012-02-28
• … Although no serious adverse effects have been reported, the frequencies of common infectious diseases including nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and gastroenteritis were reported presumably due to the blockade of proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. …
• NAID 10030465541

• Comparison of salivary antimicrobial peptides and upper respiratory tract infections in elite marathon runners and sedentary subjects

• Usui Tatsuya,Yoshikawa Takahiro,Orita Keisuke,Ueda Shin-ya,Katsura Yoshihiro,Fujimoto Shigeo
• The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 1(1), 2012
• … The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2), cathelicidin (LL-37) and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). …
• NAID 130001930784

• 嗅神経輸送機能の臨床診断

• 志賀 英明,山本 純平,三輪 高喜
• 薬学雑誌 132(11), 2012
• … The migration of thallium-201 to the olfactory bulb is reduced in patients with impaired olfaction due to head trauma, upper respiratory tract infections, and chronic rhinosinusitis, relative to the values in healthy volunteers. …
• NAID 130001871992

Related Links

• Upper Respiratory Infection Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment by ...

The "common cold" is usually caused by a viral infection and treatment is directed at managing symptoms while the body's own immune system fights the infection. Common symptoms of an upper respiratory infection such as a cold include a ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「URI」
関連記事	「respiratory」「infection」「tracing」「upper」「tract」

「URI」

　　[★] 上気道感染

同

upper respiratory tract infections

「respiratory」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 呼吸の、呼吸器の、呼吸性の

関

breath、breathe、breathing、respiration、respiratory mechanics、respiratory organ、respiratory tract

　 　

「infection」

　　[★]

• n.

• 感染、伝染、感染症

関

contagion、infect、infectious disease、infestation、transmission、transmit

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「tracing」

　　[★]

• n.

• 追跡

関

chase、follow up、follow-up、pursue、pursuit、trace

　 　 　 　

「upper」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 上部の

関

upper part

　 　 　 　 　

「tract」

　　[★]

• n.

• 路

関

tractus