WordNet

move with abrupt, seemingly uncontrolled motions; "The patients legs were jerkings" (同)twitch
(mechanics) the rate of change of acceleration
an abrupt spasmodic movement (同)jerking, jolt, saccade
raising a weight from shoulder height to above the head by straightening the arms
a dull stupid fatuous person (同)dork
throw or toss with a quick motion; "flick a piece of paper across the table"; "jerk his head" (同)flick
raise with a line; "trice a window shade" (同)trice up
hoist up or in and lash or secure with a small rope (同)trice up
any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(急に)『ぐいっと引っぱる』(『押す』,『ねじる』,『投げる』)『こと』 / (筋肉の)反射運動;けいれん / 《米俗》うぶな人;まぬけ / (重量挙げの)ジャーク / 《運動を表す副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『急に引っぱる』(『押す』,『ねじる』,『投げる』) / …‘を'ぶっきらぼうに(投げ出すように)言う《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》 / 『急に』(『ぐいっと』)『動く』
〈特に牛肉〉‘を'細切りにして干し肉にする
瞬間
(上腕の)三頭筋

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/12 16:39:34」(JST)

wiki en

The triceps reflex, a deep tendon reflex, is a reflex as it elicits involuntary contraction of the triceps brachii muscle. It is initiated by the Cervical (of the neck region) spinal nerve 7 nerve root (the small segment of the nerve that emerges from the spinal cord).^[1] The reflex is tested as part of the neurological examination to assess the sensory and motor pathways within the C7 and C8 spinal nerves.^{[citation needed]}

Testing

The test can be performed by tapping the triceps tendon^[2]^{[note 1]} with the sharp end of a reflex hammer while the forearm is hanging loose at a right angle to the arm. A sudden contraction of the triceps muscle causes extension,^{[note 2]} and indicates a normal reflex.^[3]^[4]

Reflex arc

The arc involves the stretch receptors in the triceps tendon, from where the information travels through the C7 nerve root to the spinal cord, and the motor signal for contraction returns through the radial nerve.^{[note 3]}

Test indicators

Absence of a reflex (areflexia): If no reflex is elicited then it is essential to try again with reinforcement, with the patient clenching his or her teeth just as the reflex hammer strikes.
Hyper-reflexia (a response far larger than considered normal): Indicates a potential upper motor neuron lesion.

Absence of reflex

An absence of reflex can be an indicator of several medical conditions: Myopathy, neuropathy, spondylosis, sensory nerve disease, neuritis, potential lower motor neuron lesion, or poliomyelitis.^[5]

Other medical problems that may cause irregular reflexes include Hyperthyroidism.

Notes

^ A tendon is a strip or sheet of connective tissue that transmits the force generated by the contraction of muscle to the bone by attaching with it. Thus, in simple words, a tendon attaches a muscle to a bone
^ A straightening at the elbow joint) of the forearm
^ A reflex arc is the path in the nervous system through which the sensory information (stimulation—sudden stretching of the triceps tendon in this case) travels to the spinal cord in form of an action potential through a sensory neuron, and comes in contact with a motor neuron at a synapse, which also carries an action potential back to the muscle of origin and results in its (triceps's) contraction. Note that the contact between the sensory and motor neurons does not require immediate involvement of the brain making it involuntary, though the sensation of stretch (as the hammer hits the skin and tendon beneath) and contraction of the muscle are both sent to the brain making the subject aware of the entire testing procedure.

References

^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Triceps (anatomy)". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ Jane M. Orient (2009). Sapira's Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 570–. ISBN 978-1-60547-411-3. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
^ H. K. Walker; W. D. Hall; J. W. Hurst (1990). "Clinical Methods: The History, Physical and Laboratory Examinations - The triceps reflex". 3rd Edition. Butterworth Publishers. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Triceps reflex". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Absent reflexes". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.

External links

Illustration of reflex testing

UpToDate Contents

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1. 投擲による上肢の傷害：臨床症状および診断的アプローチ throwing injuries of the upper extremity clinical presentation and diagnostic approach
2. Elbow injuries in active children or skeletally immature adolescents: Approach
3. 律動眼振 jerk nystagmus
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5. ミオクローヌスの分類および評価 classification and evaluation of myoclonus

English Journal

Arm-eye coordination test to objectively quantify motor performance and muscles activation in persons after stroke undergoing robot-aided rehabilitation training: a pilot study.

Song R1, Tong KY, Hu X, Li L, Sun R.Author information 1School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, People's Republic of China. songrong@mail.sysu.edu.cnAbstractThis study designed an arm-eye coordination test to investigate the effectiveness of the robot-aided rehabilitation for persons after stroke. Six chronic poststroke subjects were recruited to attend a 20-session robot-aided rehabilitation training of elbow joint. Before and after the training program, subjects were asked to perform voluntary movements of elbow flection and extension by following sinusoidal trajectories at different velocities with visual feedback on their joint positions. The elbow angle and the electromyographic signal of biceps and triceps as well as clinical scores were evaluated together with the parameters. Performance was objectively quantified by root mean square error (RMSE), root mean square jerk (RMSJ), range of motion (ROM), and co-contraction index (CI). After 20 sessions, RMSE and ROM improved significantly in both the affected and the unaffected side based on two-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). There was significant lower RMSJ in the affected side at higher velocities (P < 0.05). There was significant negative correlation between average RMSE with different tracking velocities and Fugl-Meyer shoulder-elbow score (P < 0.05). There was also significant negative correlation between average RMSE and average ROM (P < 0.05), and moderate nonsignificant negative correlation with RMSJ, and CI. The characterization of velocity-dependent deficiencies, monitoring of training-induced improvement, and the correlation between quantitative parameters and clinical scales could enable the exploration of effects of different types of treatment and design progress-based training method to accelerate the processes of recovery.
Experimental brain research.Exp Brain Res.2013 Sep;229(3):373-82. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3418-3. Epub 2013 Feb 1.
This study designed an arm-eye coordination test to investigate the effectiveness of the robot-aided rehabilitation for persons after stroke. Six chronic poststroke subjects were recruited to attend a 20-session robot-aided rehabilitation training of elbow joint. Before and after the training progra
PMID 23371751

Can neck muscle spindle afferents activate fusimotor neurons of the lower limb?

Sasaki H1, Polus BI.Author information 1Discipline of Chiropractic, School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Australia. hiroshi.sasaki@rmit.edu.uAbstractINTRODUCTION: We investigated whether vibratory stimulation of the dorsal neck muscles activates fusimotor neurons of lower limb muscles in relaxed human subjects.
Muscle & nerve.Muscle Nerve.2012 Mar;45(3):376-84. doi: 10.1002/mus.22300.
INTRODUCTION: We investigated whether vibratory stimulation of the dorsal neck muscles activates fusimotor neurons of lower limb muscles in relaxed human subjects.METHODS: The triceps surae (TS) muscles of seated subjects (n = 15) were conditioned to leave their muscle spindles in either an insensit
PMID 22334172

The positive effect of mirror visual feedback on arm control in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy is dependent on which arm is viewed.

Smorenburg AR1, Ledebt A, Feltham MG, Deconinck FJ, Savelsbergh GJ.Author information 1Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, School of Health Care Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK. a.r.p.smorenburg@vu.nlAbstractMirror visual feedback has previously been found to reduce disproportionate interlimb variability and neuromuscular activity in the arm muscles in children with Spastic Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy (SHCP). The aim of the current study was to determine whether these positive effects are generated by the mirror per se (i.e. the illusory perception of two symmetrically moving limbs, irrespective of which arm generates the mirror visual feedback) or by the visual illusion that the impaired arm has been substituted and appears to move with less jerk and in synchrony with the less-impaired arm (i.e. by mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm only). Therefore, we compared the effect of mirror visual feedback from the impaired and the less-impaired upper limb on the bimanual coupling and neuromuscular activity during a bimanual coordination task. Children with SHCP were asked to perform a bimanual symmetrical circular movement in three different visual feedback conditions (i.e. viewing the two arms, viewing only one arm, and viewing one arm and its mirror image), combined with two head orientation conditions (i.e. looking from the impaired and looking from the less-impaired body side). It was found that mirror visual feedback resulted in a reduction in the eccentric activity of the Biceps Brachii Brevis in the impaired limb compared to the condition with actual visual feedback from the two arms. More specifically, this effect was exclusive to mirror visual feedback from the less-impaired arm and absent when mirror visual feedback from the impaired arm was provided. Across conditions, the less-impaired arm was the leading limb, and the nature of this coupling was independent from visual condition or head orientation. Also, mirror visual feedback did not affect the intensity of the mean neuromuscular activity or the muscle activity of the Triceps Brachii Longus. It was concluded that the positive effects of mirror visual feedback in children with SHCP are not just the result of the perception of two symmetrically moving limbs. Instead, in order to induce a decrease in eccentric neuromuscular activity in the impaired limb, mirror visual feedback from the 'unaffected' less-impaired limb is required.
Experimental brain research.Exp Brain Res.2011 Sep;213(4):393-402. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2789-6. Epub 2011 Jul 16.
Mirror visual feedback has previously been found to reduce disproportionate interlimb variability and neuromuscular activity in the arm muscles in children with Spastic Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy (SHCP). The aim of the current study was to determine whether these positive effects are generated by th
PMID 21766223