同: 上腕三頭筋反射

WordNet

an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
raise with a line; "trice a window shade" (同)trice up
hoist up or in and lash or secure with a small rope (同)trice up
any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii)
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
瞬間
(上腕の)三頭筋

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/18 17:02:18」(JST)

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The triceps reflex, a deep tendon reflex, is a reflex as it elicits involuntary contraction of the triceps brachii muscle. It is initiated by the Cervical (of the neck region) spinal nerve 7 nerve root (the small segment of the nerve that emerges from the spinal cord).^[1] The reflex is tested as part of the neurological examination to assess the sensory and motor pathways within the C7 and C8 spinal nerves.^{[citation needed]} The deep tendon reflex of the triceps is evaluating spinal levels C6, C7, and C8.^{[citation needed]}

Testing[edit]

The test is performed by tapping the triceps tendon^[2]^{[note 1]} with the sharp end of a reflex hammer while the forearm is hanging loose at a right angle to the arm. A sudden contraction of the triceps muscle causes extension,^{[note 2]} and indicates a normal reflex.^[3]^[4]

Reflex arc[edit]

The arc involves the stretch receptors in the triceps tendon, from where the information travels through the C7 nerve root to the spinal cord, and the motor signal for contraction returns through the radial nerve.^{[note 3]}

Test indicators[edit]

Absence of a reflex (areflexia): If no reflex is elicited then it is essential to try again with reinforcement, with the patient clenching his or her teeth just as the reflex hammer strikes.
Hyper-reflexia (a response far larger than considered normal): Indicates a potential upper motor neuron lesion.

Absence of reflex[edit]

An absence of reflex can be an indicator of several medical conditions: Myopathy, neuropathy, spondylosis, sensory nerve disease, neuritis, potential lower motor neuron lesion, or poliomyelitis.^[5]

Other medical problems that may cause irregular reflexes include Hyperthyroidism.

Notes[edit]

^ A tendon is a strip or sheet of connective tissue that transmits the force generated by the contraction of muscle to the bone by attaching with it. Thus, in simple words, a tendon attaches a muscle to a bone
^ A straightening at the elbow joint) of the forearm
^ A reflex arc is the path in the nervous system through which the sensory information (stimulation—sudden stretching of the triceps tendon in this case) travels to the spinal cord in form of an action potential through a sensory neuron, and comes in contact with a motor neuron at a synapse, which also carries an action potential back to the muscle of origin and results in its (triceps's) contraction. Note that the contact between the sensory and motor neurons does not require immediate involvement of the brain making it involuntary, though the sensation of stretch (as the hammer hits the skin and tendon beneath) and contraction of the muscle are both sent to the brain making the subject aware of the entire testing procedure.

References[edit]

^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Triceps (anatomy)". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ Jane M. Orient (2009). Sapira's Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 570–. ISBN 978-1-60547-411-3. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
^ H. K. Walker, W. D. Hall, J. W. Hurst (1990). "Clinical Methods: The History, Physical and Laboratory Examinations - The triceps reflex". 3rd Edition. Butterworth Publishers. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Triceps reflex". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ General Practice Notebook - UK. "Absent reflexes". General Practice Notebook - UK. Retrieved September 18, 2007.

External links[edit]

Illustration of reflex testing

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English Journal

Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation intensity over the tibial nerve trunk on triceps surae muscle fatigue.

Doix AC, Matkowski B, Martin A, Roeleveld K, Colson SS.Author information University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratory of Human Motricity Education Sport and Health (EA 6309), Faculty of Sport Sciences, 261, route de Grenoble B.P. 32 59, 06205, Nice Cedex 03, France, doix@unice.fr.AbstractPURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate whether the intensity modulation of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) protocol delivered over the nerve trunk of the plantar flexors would lead to differential peripheral and central contributions of muscle fatigue.
European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2014 Feb;114(2):317-29. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2780-y. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate whether the intensity modulation of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) protocol delivered over the nerve trunk of the plantar flexors would lead to differential peripheral and central contributions of muscle fatigue.METHODS: Three fatiguing
PMID 24281826

Neural and muscular mechanisms of electrically induced fatigue in patients with spinal cord injury.

Papaiordanidou M1, Varray A2, Fattal C3, Guiraud D4.Author information 11] EA2991 Movement to Health, Montpellier-1 University, EuroMov, Montpellier, France [2] Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Marseille, France.2EA2991 Movement to Health, Montpellier-1 University, EuroMov, Montpellier, France.3Centre Mutualiste Neurologique Propara, Montpellier, France.4LIRMM, DEMAR team, INRIA, Montpellier, France.AbstractStudy design:Intervention study.Objectives:The present study aimed at examining whether spinal and/or peripheral alterations are in the origin of neuromuscular fatigue development induced by intermittent neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in subjects with complete spinal cord injury (SCI).Setting:Neurological Rehabilitation Center CMN Propara, Montpellier, France.Methods:Thirteen volunteers with complete SCI participated in the study. The right triceps surae muscle was fatigued using a 30-Hz NMES protocol (2 s ON-2 s OFF) composed of three series of five trains. Spinal excitability (assessed by the H-reflex), muscle excitability (assessed by the M-wave), muscle contractile properties (assessed by mechanical response parameters) and torque evoked by NMES were tested before and after each five-train series.Results:NMES-evoked torque significantly decreased throughout the protocol (P<0.001). This decrease was accompanied by a significant increase in M-wave amplitude (P<0.001), whereas H-reflex and the Hmax/Mmax ratio were not significantly modified. The amplitude of the mechanical response was significantly decreased at the end of the protocol (P<0.05).Conclusion:The results indicate significant fatigue development, which was attributed to impaired cross-bridge force-generating capacity, without modification of spinal excitability nor muscle excitability.Spinal Cord advance online publication, 21 January 2014; doi:10.1038/sc.2013.172.
Spinal cord.Spinal Cord.2014 Jan 21. doi: 10.1038/sc.2013.172. [Epub ahead of print]
Study design:Intervention study.Objectives:The present study aimed at examining whether spinal and/or peripheral alterations are in the origin of neuromuscular fatigue development induced by intermittent neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in subjects with complete spinal cord injury (SCI).S
PMID 24445970

Modulation of spinal excitability by a sub-threshold stimulation of M1 area during muscle lengthening.

Grosprêtre S1, Papaxanthis C2, Martin A2.Author information 1INSERM U1093, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27877, Dijon F-21078, France; Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27877, Dijon F-21078, France. Electronic address: sidney.grospretre-gauvin@u-bourgogne.fr.2INSERM U1093, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27877, Dijon F-21078, France; Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27877, Dijon F-21078, France.AbstractIt is well known that the H-reflex amplitude decreases during passive muscle lengthening in comparison with passive shortening. However, this decrease in spinal synaptic efficacy observed during passive lengthening seems to be lesser during eccentric voluntary contraction. The aim of the present study was to examine wether spinal excitability during lengthening condition could be modulated by magnetic brain stimulation. H reflexes of the triceps surae muscles were elicited on 10 young healthy subjects, and conditioned by a sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The conditioning stimulation was applied over the M1 area of triceps surae muscles at an intensity below motor threshold with a conditioning-test interval of 5 ms. Conditioned and non-conditioned H-reflexes were elicited at rest, during passive lengthening and shortening, and during submaximal contractions (concentric, eccentric and isometric). During passive and active lengthening, H reflexes conditioned by a sub-threshold TMS pulse increased on average by 50% compared with non-conditioned responses. No significant effect was found during isometric and concentric conditions. Activation of the corticospinal pathway would partially cancel inhibitions caused by muscle stretch, and according to the time delayed effect, this result suggested the existence of a specific polysynaptic pathway. In additional experiments, H responses were conditioned by cervico-medullary stimulations, showing that the modulation described by the previous results involves subcortical mechanisms. This study provides further evidences that the modulation of the final cortico-spinal command reaching the muscle depends on central mechanism that control peripheral input, such as Ia afferences discharge during lengthening.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Jan 13. pii: S0306-4522(14)00024-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.013. [Epub ahead of print]
It is well known that the H-reflex amplitude decreases during passive muscle lengthening in comparison with passive shortening. However, this decrease in spinal synaptic efficacy observed during passive lengthening seems to be lesser during eccentric voluntary contraction. The aim of the present stu
PMID 24434774

Japanese Journal

体重免荷歩行によるヒラメ筋H反射と下肢筋電図への影響

大坂裕,小原謙一,藤田大介,石田弘,吉村洋輔,渡邉進
川崎医療福祉学会誌 19(2), 297-301, 2010
体重免荷装置を用いた歩行トレーニングについて,脊髄損傷患者や脳卒中片麻痺患者に対する有用性が諸家により報告されているが,体重免荷歩行による麻痺側下肢の痙縮の影響を検討した報告は筆者らが渉猟する限りにおいては二,三散見される程度である.本研究では,体重免荷歩行による下腿三頭筋の痙縮への影響を電気生理学的検査法を用いて評価を行い検討することを目的とした.対象は健常成人8名,実験条件はトレッドミルを用い …
NAID 110007509363

Muscle fascicle stretch velocity in relation to stretch reflex activation at different contraction levels in human triceps surae

Cronin N.,Peltonen J.,Ishikawa M.,Avela J.,Komi P.,Sinkjaer T.,Voigt M.
体力科學 58(1), 52, 2009-02-01
NAID 110007127015

THE EFFECT OF MUSCLE STRETCHING ON THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRICEPS SURAE MUSCLE

Kuno-Mizumura Mayumi
体力科學 56(1), 33, 2007-02-01
… So the purpose of this study was to investigate the functional significance of nexibility by muscle architectural components and neural component of monosynaptic reflex during stretching. … while there was no significant change in fascicle length of LG between DP and NP, The ratio between maximal am plitude of H wave and maximal amplitude of M wave (H/M ratio) induced by H-reflex was calculated and compared between two groups (Group F and O and two conditions (DP and NP). …
NAID 110006203690