WordNet

strike (the top part of a ball in golf, baseball, or pool) giving it a forward spin
the first half of an inning; while the visiting team is at bat; "a relief pitcher took over in the top of the fifth" (同)top of the inning
covering for a hole (especially a hole in the top of a container); "he removed the top of the carton"; "he couldnt get the top off of the bottle"; "put the cover back on the kettle" (同)cover
a conical childs plaything tapering to a steel point on which it can be made to spin; "he got a bright red top and string for his birthday" (同)whirligig, teetotum, spinning top
a garment (especially for women) that extends from the shoulders to the waist or hips; "he stared as she buttoned her top"
platform surrounding the head of a lower mast
the greatest possible intensity; "he screamed at the top of his lungs"
the highest or uppermost side of anything; "put your books on top of the desk"; "only the top side of the box was painted" (同)top side, upper side, upside
the upper part of anything; "the mower cuts off the tops of the grass"; "the title should be written at the top of the first page"
cut the top off; "top trees and bushes" (同)pinch
finish up or conclude; "They topped off their dinner with a cognac"; "top the evening with champagne" (同)top_off
provide with a top or finish the top (of a structure); "the towers were topped with conical roofs" (同)top_out
be at the top of or constitute the top or highest point; "A star tops the Christmas Tree"
reach or ascend the top of; "The hikers topped the mountain just before noon"
situated at the top or highest position; "the top shelf"
the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)i
a traditional theme or motif or literary convention; "James Joyce uses the topos of the Wandering Jew in his Ulysses"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉《the ~》(…の)『いちばん上の部分』,最先端,頂上 / 〈C〉《the ~》(…の)『最上面』,表面《+of+名》 / 《the ~》(…の)『最高位』,『首位』;上座《+of+名》 / 《the ~》(…の)『最高の程度』,頂点《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《the ~》(びんなどの)ふた,栓;(車の)屋根[カバー],ほろ《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(根菜の)葉の部分《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(上下の服の)上 / 《通例名詞の前にのみ用いて》 / 『最も高い』,いちばんの / 『最上位の』,第一位(一級)の / 最高程度の / …‘に'『おおい(ふた)を付ける』 / …の頂上にある,頂上をおおう / …‘の'頂上に達する,‘を'登りきる / …‘を'しのぐ,‘に'まさる / 〈野菜・果実など〉‘の'葉の部分を切る(刈り力む) / (ゴルフで)〈球〉‘の'上をたたく
こま
《方向》(1)(到着の意を含めて)…『へ』,に,まで / 《状況の変化》…[のほう]へ;…に[なるまで],その結果…になる / 《適用範囲》(1)《動詞に伴って》『…に対して』,に,へ / (2)《形容詞[句]・[代]名倍に伴って》『…に対して』 / 《程度・範囲》『…[に至る]まで』 / 《時間の終り》『…まで』(till) / 《to one's+『名』の形で》(…が)『…したことに[は]』 / 《比較・対比・割合》『…と比べて』,より,に対して / 《一致・適合》『…に合わせて』,に合って,に応じて / 《目的・意図》『…のために』 / 《運命・境遇》『…に』 / 《所属・関係》『…へ』,に[対して] / 《付加・付着・固執》『…に』 / 《対立・対向》…に[対して] / いつもの状態(位置)に / 停止(閉鎖)の状態に / 活動状態に(へ),仕事に
《名詞的用法》『…すること』 / 《形容詞的用法》『…するための,すべき』 / 《副詞的用法》『…するために』,して,するとは,すれば / 《独立用法》 / 《文全体を修飾する慣用語句》…すれば,してみると,…だが / 短縮文
『私は』私が
iodineの化学記号

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝性腎炎（アルポート症候群）の遺伝学、病因、および病理 genetics pathogenesis and pathology of hereditary nephritis alport syndrome
2. T-B-NK+ SCID：病因および遺伝学 t b nk scid pathogenesis and genetics
3. 遺伝性腎炎（アルポート症候群）の臨床症状、診断および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of hereditary nephritis alport syndrome
4. 進行（ステージIIIまたはIV）上皮性卵巣癌、卵管癌、および腹膜癌に対する初回化学療法 first line chemotherapy for advanced stage iii or iv epithelial ovarian fallopian tubal and peritoneal cancer
5. ムコ多糖症：臨床的特徴および診断 mucopolysaccharidoses clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Investigation of mutation distribution in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes in ciprofloxacin-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures in a tertiary care university hospital in South Korea, 2005-2010.

Nam YS, Cho SY, Yang HY, Park KS, Jang JH, Kim YT, Jeong JW, Suh JT, Lee HJ.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea.
International journal of antimicrobial agents.Int J Antimicrob Agents.2013 Feb;41(2):126-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.004. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
This study investigated the distribution of mutations in DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) genes and compared the distribution of these mutations with the distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) produc
PMID 23265914

Novel topoisomerase inhibitors: microbiological characterisation and in vivo efficacy of pyrimidines.

Uria-Nickelsen M, Neckermann G, Sriram S, Andrews B, Manchester JI, Carcanague D, Stokes S, Hull KG.SourceAstraZeneca R&D, Infection iMED, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA. Electronic address: maria.urianickelsen@gmail.com.
International journal of antimicrobial agents.Int J Antimicrob Agents.2013 Jan 7. pii: S0924-8579(12)00467-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.12.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Pyrimidine compounds were identified as inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase IV through high-throughput screening. This study was designed to exemplify the in vitro activity of the pyrimidines against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, to reveal the mode of action of these compounds and to d
PMID 23305654

Pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors of DNA gyrase B (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE), Part II: Development of inhibitors with broad spectrum, Gram-negative antibacterial activity.

Trzoss M, Bensen DC, Li X, Chen Z, Lam T, Zhang J, Creighton CJ, Cunningham ML, Kwan B, Stidham M, Nelson K, Brown-Driver V, Castellano A, Shaw KJ, Lightstone FC, Wong SE, Nguyen TB, Finn J, Tari LW.SourceTrius Therapeutics, 6310 Nancy Ridge Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2012 Dec 8. pii: S0960-894X(12)01525-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.073. [Epub ahead of print]
The structurally related bacterial topoisomerases DNA gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE) have long been recognized as prime candidates for the development of broad spectrum antibacterial agents. However, GyrB/ParE targeting antibacterials with spectrum that encompasses robust Gram-negative pa
PMID 23294697