WordNet
- pertaining to the surface of a body part; "a drug for topical (or local) application"; "a topical anesthesia"
- of interest at the present time; "a topical reference"; "a topical and timely study of civil liberty"
- of or relating to or arranged by topics; "a detailed record on both a chronological and a topical basis"
- some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic"; "he had been thinking about the subject for several years"; "it is a matter for the police" (同)subject, issue, matter
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 時事問題の,今日的な,話題の / 地域の,地方の / 局部的な,局所の
- (…の)『話題』;論題《+of+名》
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/27 14:59:47」(JST)
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- 1. おむつ皮膚炎 diaper dermatitis
- 2. 小児における局所麻酔剤 topical anesthetics in children
- 3. 熱傷の局所治療：外用抗菌薬と被覆材 local treatment of burns topical antimicrobial agents and dressings
- 4. 乾癬の治療 treatment of psoriasis
- 5. 皮膚疾患の治療および外用ステロイドの一般原則 general principles of dermatologic therapy and topical corticosteroid use
English Journal
- Can resveratrol in wine protect against the carcinogenicity of ethanol? A probabilistic dose-response assessment.
- Lachenmeier DW, Godelmann R, Witt B, Riedel K, Rehm J.Author information Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany; Ministry of Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection, Stuttgart, Germany.AbstractResveratrol, which may occur in wine, was suggested to act as a chemopreventive agent against the carcinogenic effects of ethanol. The assumption was based on data from experimental animals, which have shown that resveratrol above certain thresholds may reduce the incidence of tumours in several of the alcohol-related cancer sites (colon, liver and female breast). Using a probabilistic Monte Carlo type methodology, we estimated daily intake based on chemical analysis of resveratrol (n = 672) and ethanol (n = 867). Benchmark dose (BMD)-response modelling was conducted for resveratrol based on eight animal experiments, whereas BMD data for ethanol were taken from the literature. The margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated for both substances as an indicator if the intake may reach effective dosages. For intake of one 100-mL glass of wine, the average MOE was found to be 4.1 for ethanol and 459,937 for resveratrol. In the best-case scenario for resveratrol (e.g., very high contents and assuming a low effective dosage), the minimum MOE would be 111, which means that 111 glasses of wine need to be consumed daily to reach the BMD. The MOE ratio between resveratrol and ethanol is 166,128 on average, meaning that per glass of wine, ethanol is more than 100,000 times more potent than resveratrol. As resveratrol intake may not optimally reach the effective dosage, our study excludes a preventive effect of this substance on alcohol-related cancer. Commercial information about cancer-preventive or -protective effects of resveratrol in wine is misleading and must be prohibited.
- International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Jan 1;134(1):144-53. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28336. Epub 2013 Sep 16.
- Resveratrol, which may occur in wine, was suggested to act as a chemopreventive agent against the carcinogenic effects of ethanol. The assumption was based on data from experimental animals, which have shown that resveratrol above certain thresholds may reduce the incidence of tumours in several of
- PMID 23784940
- Protective effect of vaginal application of neutralizing and nonneutralizing inhibitory antibodies against vaginal SHIV challenge in macaques.
- Moog C1, Dereuddre-Bosquet N2, Teillaud JL3, Biedma ME1, Holl V1, Van Ham G4, Heyndrickx L4, Van Dorsselaer A5, Katinger D6, Vcelar B6, Zolla-Pazner S7, Mangeot I2, Kelly C8, Shattock RJ9, Le Grand R2.Author information 1U1110 INSERM/UNISTRA, Institute of Virology, Strasbourg, France.21] CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France [2] UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay, France.3INSERM UMR-S 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France.4Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.5UMR 7178 (CNRSUdS), ECPM, Strasbourg, France.6Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria.7NYU School of Medicine and New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.8Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College, London, UK.9Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.AbstractDefinition of antibody (Ab) functions capable of preventing mucosal HIV transmission may be critical to both effective vaccine development and the prophylactic use of monoclonal Abs. Although direct antibody-mediated neutralization is highly effective against cell-free virus, increasing evidence suggests an important role for immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated inhibition of HIV replication. Thus, a panel of well-known neutralizing (NAbs) and nonneutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) were screened for their ability to block HIV acquisition and replication in vitro in either an independent or FcγR-dependent manner. Abs displaying the highest Fc-mediated inhibitory activity in various in vitro assays were selected, formulated for topical vaginal application in a microbicide gel, and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates (NHPs). A combination of three NAbs, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, fully prevented simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) vaginal transmission in 10 out of 15 treated NHPs, whereas a combination of two NoNAbs, 246-D and 4B3, although having no impact on SHIV acquisition, reduced plasma viral load. These results indicate that anti-HIV Abs with distinct neutralization and inhibitory functions differentially affect in vivo HIV acquisition and replication, by interfering with early viral replication and dissemination. Therefore, combining diverse Ab properties may potentiate the protective effects of anti-HIV-Ab-based strategies.
- Mucosal immunology.Mucosal Immunol.2014 Jan;7(1):46-56. doi: 10.1038/mi.2013.23. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
- Definition of antibody (Ab) functions capable of preventing mucosal HIV transmission may be critical to both effective vaccine development and the prophylactic use of monoclonal Abs. Although direct antibody-mediated neutralization is highly effective against cell-free virus, increasing evidence sug
- PMID 23591718
- Hyaluronidase-Sensitive Nanoparticle Templates for Triggered Release of HIV/AIDS Microbicide In Vitro.
- Agrahari V, Zhang C, Zhang T, Li W, Gounev TK, Oyler NA, Youan BB.Author information Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108, USA.AbstractThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that a triggered release of a topical microbicide (tenofovir) from hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HA-NPs) can be achieved under the influence of hyaluronidase (HAase) enzyme. A fractional factorial experimental design was used to examine the factors [molar concentrations of adipic acid dihydrazide (X1) and 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (X2), volume of acetone (X3) and reaction time (X4)] influencing the responses, Y1; particle mean diameter: PMD (nanometers: nm), Y2; polydispersity index: PDI and Y3; zeta (ζ) potential: (millivolts). The amide bond formation between HA and ADH after cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR and 13C-NMR analyses. These NPs were also characterized for cytotoxicity on a human vaginal epithelial cell line and L. crispatus. When formulated with factors X1; 2.49 mM, X2; 9.96 mM, X3; 60 mL, X4; 6 h, HA-NPs exhibited a spherical shape with PMD, PDI, ζ potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading of 70.6 ± 4.1 nm, 0.07 ± 0.02, -38.2 ± 2.8 mV, 51.8 ± 2.4% w/w and 26.1 ± 1.2% w/w, respectively, (n = 3). Unlike for HA based gel, HAase significantly triggered the drug release and HA degradation from the NPs after 24 h (∼90% w/w and 65% w/w, respectively); whereas, in its absence, these values were ∼39% w/w and 26% w/w, respectively. The NPs were non-cytotoxic to human vaginal VK2/E6E7, End1/E6E7 cells and Lactobacillus crispatus. These data highlight the potential of HAase-sensitive HA-NPs templates for the controlled and vaginal delivery of anti-HIV/AIDS microbicides.
- The AAPS journal.AAPS J.2013 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
- This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a triggered release of a topical microbicide (tenofovir) from hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HA-NPs) can be achieved under the influence of hyaluronidase (HAase) enzyme. A fractional factorial experimental design was used to examine the factors [mo
- PMID 24343770
Related Links
- In order to identify and develop safe, effective, and acceptable microbicides, NIAID supports the screening, discovery, development, preclinical testing as well as nonclinical and clinical evaluation of microbicide candidates ...
- printable version Microbicides What they are Microbicides are compounds that can be applied inside the vagina or rectum to protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. They can be formulated as gels ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「local anti-infective agent」「局所用殺菌剤」 |
| 関連記事 | 「topical」「microbicide」「topic」 |
「local anti-infective agent」
「局所用殺菌剤」
「topical」
- adj.
- その時/その場所の話題の、今日的関心事の、時事的/時局的な、トピカルな
- 話題/論題/主題の。主題別の
- 場所の(local)。(医)局所の/局所用の
「microbicide」
- 関
- anti-infective agent、antiinfective agent、antimicrobial agent、antiseptic、antiseptic agent、antiseptics、bactericide、bacteriocide、disinfectant、fungicide、germicide、sanitizer
「topic」