殺菌剤、殺菌薬

関: bacteriocide、disinfectant、fungicide、germicide、microbicide、sanitizer

WordNet

any chemical agent that destroys bacteria (同)bacteriacide
an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease (同)germicide, antimicrobic, antimicrobial

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殺菌剤
消毒液,滅菌剤 / 消毒用の,滅菌(殺菌)する
殺菌剤 / 殺菌力のある

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/26 19:54:16」(JST)

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A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance that kills bacteria. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics.^[1]

Disinfectants

The most used disinfectants are those applying

active chlorine (i.e., hypochlorites, chloramines, dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanurate, wet chlorine, chlorine dioxide, etc.),
active oxygen (peroxides, such as peracetic acid, potassium persulfate, sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, and urea perhydrate),
iodine (povidone-iodine, Lugol's solution, iodine tincture, iodinated nonionic surfactants),
concentrated alcohols (mainly ethanol, 1-propanol, called also n-propanol and 2-propanol, called isopropanol and mixtures thereof; further, 2-phenoxyethanol and 1- and 2-phenoxypropanols are used),
phenolic substances (such as phenol (also called "carbolic acid"), cresols such as thymol, halogenated (chlorinated, brominated) phenols, such as hexachlorophene, triclosan, trichlorophenol, tribromophenol, pentachlorophenol, salts and isomers thereof),
cationic surfactants, such as some quaternary ammonium cations (such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide or chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride) and others, non-quaternary compounds, such as chlorhexidine, glucoprotamine, octenidine dihydrochloride etc.),
strong oxidizers, such as ozone and permanganate solutions;
heavy metals and their salts, such as colloidal silver, silver nitrate, mercury chloride, phenylmercury salts, copper sulfate, copper oxide-chloride etc. Heavy metals and their salts are the most toxic and environment-hazardous bactericides and therefore their use is strongly discouraged or prohibited
strong acids (phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, amidosulfuric, toluenesulfonic acids), pH < 1, and
alkalis (sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides), such as of pH > 13, particularly under elevated temperature (above 60 °C), kills bacteria.

Antiseptics

As antiseptics (i.e., germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body, skin, mucoses, wounds and the like), few of the above-mentioned disinfectants can be used, under proper conditions (mainly concentration, pH, temperature and toxicity toward humans and animals). Among them, some important are

properly diluted chlorine preparations (f.e. Dakin's solution, 0.5% sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution, pH-adjusted to pH 7 – 8, or 0.5 – 1% solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide (chloramine B)), some
iodine preparations, such as iodopovidone in various galenics (ointment, solutions, wound plasters), in the past also Lugol's solution,
peroxides such as urea perhydrate solutions and pH-buffered 0.1 – 0.25% peracetic acid solutions,
alcohols with or without antiseptic additives, used mainly for skin antisepsis,
weak organic acids such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid and salicylic acid
some phenolic compounds, such as hexachlorophene, triclosan and Dibromol, and
cationic surfactants, such as 0.05 – 0.5% benzalkonium, 0.5 – 4% chlorhexidine, 0.1 – 2% octenidine solutions.

Others are generally not applicable as safe antiseptics, either because of their corrosive or toxic nature.

Antibiotics

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics slow their growth or reproduction.

Bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis: the Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems) and vancomycin.

Also bactericidal are daptomycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, co-trimoxazole, telithromycin.

Aminoglycosidic antibiotics are usually considered bactericidal, although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms

The distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents appears to be clear according to the basic/clinical definition, but this only applies under strict laboratory conditions and it is important to distinguish microbiological and clinical definitions.^[2] The distinction is more arbitrary when agents are categorized in clinical situations. The supposed superiority of bactericidal agents over bacteriostatic agents is of little relevance when treating the vast majority of infections with gram-positive bacteria, particularly in patients with uncomplicated infections and noncompromised immune systems. Bacteriostatic agents have been effectively used for treatment that are considered to require bactericidal activity. Furthermore, some broad classes of antibacterial agents considered bacteriostatic can exhibit bactericidal activity against some bacteria on the basis of in vitro determination of MBC/MIC values. At high concentrations, bacteriostatic agents are often bactericidal against some susceptible organisms. The ultimate guide to treatment of any infection must be clinical outcome.

References

^ McDonnell, G; Russell, AD (1999). "Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (1): 147–179. PMC 88911 . PMID 9880479.
^ Pankey, GA; Sabath, LD (2004). "Clinical Relevance of Bacteriostatic versus Bactericidal Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections". Clin Infect Dis. 38 (6): 864–870. PMID 14999632. doi:10.1086/381972.

English Journal

Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Protein 2 Controls Host Response to Campylobacter jejuni in Il10-/- Mice.

Sun X1, Jobin C.Author information 1Department of Medicine.AbstractInnate signaling-induced antimicrobial response represents a key protective host feature against infectious microorganisms such as Campylobacter species. In this study, we investigated the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) in Campylobacter jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation. Specific-pathogen-free Il10-/-, Nod2-/-, and Il10-/-; Nod2-/- mice were infected with C. jejuni (109 colony-forming units/mouse) 24 hours after a 7-day course of antibiotic treatment. Three weeks later, host responses were determined. The nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside was injected intraperitoneally (2 mg/kg daily) to supplement NO. Although healthy in specific-pathogen-free conditions, Il10-/-; Nod2-/- mice developed severe intestinal inflammation following C. jejuni infection, compared with Nod2-/- and Il10-/- mice. The onset of colitis was associated with elevated neutrophil accumulation, crypt abscesses, and expression of the endogenous proinflammatory mediators Il-1β, Tnfα, and Cxcl1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and culture assay showed enhanced C. jejuni invasion into the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes in Il10-/-; Nod2-/- mice, compared with Il10-/- mice. C. jejuni-induced bactericidal NO production was reduced in peritoneal macrophages from Il10-/-; Nod2-/- mice, compared with Il10-/- mice. Importantly, sodium nitroprusside attenuated C. jejuni-induced colitis in Il10-/-; Nod2-/- mice. Our findings suggest that NOD2 signaling is critical to control campylobacteriosis in Il10-/- mice, a process involving NOD2-mediated bactericidal responses.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2014 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Innate signaling-induced antimicrobial response represents a key protective host feature against infectious microorganisms such as Campylobacter species. In this study, we investigated the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) in Campylobacter jejuni-induced i
PMID 24620022

Response of Xylella fastidiosa to zinc: decreased culturability, increased exopolysaccharide production, and formation of resilient biofilms under flow conditions.

Navarrete F1, De La Fuente L.Author information 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.AbstractThe bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. Biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being transported in the xylem are of special interest for this pathosystem. Here, X. fastidiosa liquid cultures were supplemented with zinc and compared with nonamended cultures to determine the effects of Zn on growth, biofilm, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production under batch and flow culture conditions. The results show that Zn reduces growth and biofilm production under both conditions. However, in microfluidic chambers under liquid flow and with constant bacterial supplementation (closer to conditions inside the host), a dramatic increase in biofilm aggregates was seen in the Zn-amended medium. Biofilms formed under these conditions were strongly attached to surfaces and were not removed by medium flow. This phenomenon was correlated with increased EPS production in stationary-phase cells grown under high Zn concentrations. Zn did not cause greater adhesion to surfaces by individual cells. Additionally, viability analyses suggest that X. fastidiosa may be able to enter the viable but nonculturable state in vitro, and Zn can hasten the onset of this state. Together, these findings suggest that Zn can act as a stress factor with pleiotropic effects on X. fastidiosa and indicate that, although Zn could be used as a bactericide treatment, it could trigger the undesired effect of stronger biofilm formation upon reinoculation events.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2014 Feb;80(3):1097-107. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02998-13. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
The bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. Biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being t
PMID 24271184

Occurrence and potential risk of triclosan in freshwaters of São Paulo, Brazil-the need for regulatory actions.

Montagner CC1, Jardim WF, Von der Ohe PC, Umbuzeiro GA.Author information 1Faculty of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil, montagner@ft.unicamp.br.AbstractTriclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protection goals. In this work, six rivers in the state of São Paulo were monitored for TCS and caffeine, a tracer for untreated sewage disposal, over a period of more than 1 year. From 71 samples analyzed, 32 contained TCS at concentrations above the limit of quantification, ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng/L, corresponding to a frequency of exceedance of the lowest PNEC of 86 % (six out of seven sites). No correlation between TCS and caffeine was observed, and one of the reasons for that could be the different use patterns in the local populations. Given the high values found in the investigated rivers, TCS seems to be a strong candidate in the priority list of compounds that should be regulated in Brazil to preserve the aquatic environment.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2014 Feb;21(3):1850-8. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2063-5. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protect
PMID 23990256

Japanese Journal

逆浸透(RO)膜用スライムコントロール剤「クリバーターIK-110」のポリアミド製RO膜への影響

膜 = Membrane 41(1), 44-47, 2016-01
NAID 40020721560

2-アリールアミノ-4(3<i>H</i>)-キナゾリノン構造を含むアリールスルホンアミド誘導体の合成と生物活性

日本農薬学会誌（Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ） 41(4), 171-174, 2016
NAID 130005285063

Efficacy of a copper-based bactericide in controlling bacterial blight of grapevines caused by Xylophilus ampelinus

Journal of general plant pathology 81(5), 409-414, 2015-09
NAID 120005828494

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英: microbicide、fungicide、disinfectant、germicide、bacteriocide、sanitizer、bactericide
関: 殺菌剤、殺真菌薬、消毒剤、消毒薬、清浄剤、殺菌消毒薬、殺菌消毒剤、殺生物剤、清浄薬、サニタイザー

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関: antiseptic、antiseptic agent、antiseptics、bactericide、bacteriocide、detergent、disinfectant、fungicide、germicide、microbicide

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消毒薬、殺菌剤、消毒剤、殺菌薬、殺菌消毒薬、殺菌消毒剤

関: antiseptic、antiseptic agent、antiseptics、bactericide、bacteriocide、biocide、fungicide、germicide、microbicide、sanitizer

「microbicide」

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消毒薬、殺菌剤、殺菌薬

関: anti-infective agent、antiinfective agent、antimicrobial agent、antiseptic、antiseptic agent、antiseptics、bactericide、bacteriocide、disinfectant、fungicide、germicide、sanitizer

「germicide」

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消毒薬、殺菌剤、殺菌薬

関: antiseptic、antiseptic agent、antiseptics、bactericide、bacteriocide、disinfectant、fungicide、microbicide、sanitizer

[1] McDonnell, G; Russell, AD (1999). "Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (1): 147–179. PMC 88911 . PMID 9880479.

[2] Pankey, GA; Sabath, LD (2004). "Clinical Relevance of Bacteriostatic versus Bactericidal Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections". Clin Infect Dis. 38 (6): 864–870. PMID 14999632. doi:10.1086/381972.

v t e Concepts in pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics	(L)ADME: (Liberation) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion (Clearance) Loading dose Volume of distribution (Initial) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half-life Mean residence time Plasma protein binding Therapeutic index (Median lethal dose, Effective dose)
Pharmacodynamics	Mechanism of action Toxicity (Neurotoxicology) Dose–response relationship (Efficacy, Potency) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: Minimum inhibitory concentration (Bacteriostatic) Minimum bactericidal concentration (Bactericide)
Agonism and antagonism	Agonist: Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist: Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other: Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity
Other	Drug tolerance: Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance: Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance
Drug discovery strategies	Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology
Related fields/subfields	Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology (Neuropharmacology, Psychopharmacology)

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bactericide