WordNet

small tree of China and Vietnam bearing anise-scented star-shaped fruit used in food and medicinally as a carminative (同)Chinese_anise, Illicium verum
feature as the star; "The movie stars Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man"
a plane figure with 5 or more points; often used as an emblem
an actor who plays a principal role (同)principal, lead
(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior
any celestial body visible (as a point of light) from the Earth at night
mark with an asterisk; "Linguists star unacceptable sentences" (同)asterisk
be the star in a performance
native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery (同)anise plant, Pimpinella anisum
liquorice-flavored seeds, used medicinally and in cooking and liquors (同)aniseed, anise seed
black tropical American cuckoo

PrepTutorEJDIC

『星』;恒(fixed star) / 『星形のもの』;星章,星標(*)(asterisk) / 『スター』,花形 / (人の運勢を左右するといわれる)運星;《しばしば複数形で》運勢,運,星回り / (星印で示した)等級 / 《文》実現不可能な逆標(願望) / 星の / 花形の,主役の;卓越した,すぐれた / …を星(星形の物)で飾る;…‘に'星印をつける;(…を)…‘に'のようにちりばめる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'主役にする / 主役を務める,主演する
アニス(地中海沿岸産のセリ科の草;実は香味料)
アニシード(アニスの実;芳香がありアルコール飲料に用いる)
(色・模様などが)ひどく目立つ,けばけばしい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/03 19:11:39」(JST)

wiki en

This article is about an anise-like spice. For the evergreen shrub called "star anise" in the Eastern United States, see Illicium floridanum.

Illicium verum, commonly called Star anise, star aniseed, or Chinese star anise is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of Illicium verum, a medium-sized native evergreen tree of northeast Vietnam and southwest China. The star shaped fruits are harvested just before ripening.

Nomenclature and taxonomy[edit]

'Illicium' from Latin 'Illicio'=entice. In Persian, star anise is called بادیان bādiyān, hence its French name badiane. In northern India it is called badian khatai. It is said^[who?] that its origin is a place called Khata in China. In Malay it is called "Bunga Lawang". It is widely used in Malay cooking. In Tamil it is called as"அன்னாசி மொக்கு" ("Annachi mokku") and in Malayalam it is called "thakolam". It's called as "అనస్ పువ్వు" ("Anas puvvu") in Telugu.

Usages[edit]

Culinary uses[edit]

Reverse side of fruit

Plate from François-Pierre Chaumeton's 1833 "Flore Medicale"

Star anise contains anethole, the same ingredient that gives the unrelated anise its flavor. Recently, star anise has come into use in the West as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking as well as in liquor production, most distinctively in the production of the liquor Galliano^{[citation needed]}. It is also used in the production of sambuca, pastis, and many types of absinthe^{[citation needed]}. Star anise enhances the flavour of meat.^[1] It is used as a spice in preparation of biryani and masala chai all over the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in Chinese cuisine, and in Indian cuisine where it is a major component of garam masala, and in Malay and Indonesian cuisine. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup.

Medicinal uses[edit]

Star anise has been used in a tea as a traditional remedy for rheumatism, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals to aid digestion.^{[citation needed]} As a warm and moving herb, star anise is used to assist in relieving cold-stagnation in the middle jiao, according to Traditional Chinese medicine.

Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).^[2] Shikimic acid is produced by most autotrophic organisms and whilst it can be obtained in commercial quantities from elsewhere, star anise remains the usual industrial source. In 2005, there was a temporary shortage of star anise due to its use in the production of Tamiflu. Later that year, a way was found of using bacteria to make shikimic acid.^[3]^[4]^[5] Roche now derives some of the raw material it needs from the fermentation of E. coli bacteria. The 2009 swine flu outbreak led to another series of shortages as stocks of Tamiflu were built up around the world, sending prices soaring.^[6]

Star anise is grown in four provinces in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales. The shikimic acid is extracted from the seeds in a ten-stage manufacturing process which takes a year. Reports say^{[citation needed]} 90% of the harvest is already used by the Swiss pharmaceutical manufacturer Roche in making Tamiflu, but other reports^{[citation needed]} say there is an abundance of the spice in the main regions - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan.

Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is highly toxic; instead, it has been burned as incense in Japan. Cases of illness, including "serious neurological effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of using this species. Japanese star anise contains anisatin, which causes severe inflammation of the kidneys, urinary tract and digestive organs.The toxicity of Illicium anisatum, also known as Shikimi, is caused by its containing potent neurotoxins (anisatin, neoanisatin, and pseudoanisatin), due to their activity as non-competitive antagonists of GABA receptors.^[7]

Standardization of its products and services[edit]

ISO 676:1995 - contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars^[8]

Identification[edit]

Refer to the 4th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [1153].

Differentiation with other species[edit]

Joshi et al. have tried the techniques of fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography^[9] to distinguished the species, while Lederer et al. employed the state of the art which combines the technology of TLC with HPLC-MS/MS.^[10]

Specifications[edit]

ISO 11178:1995 - a specification for its dried fruits^[11]
GB/T 7652:2006 - a Chinese standard of the product^[12]

References[edit]

^ "Spaghetti Bolognese". In Search of Perfection. BBC Two.
^ Wang, G. W.; Hu, W. T.; Huang, B. K.; Qin, L. P. (2011). "Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051. PMID 21549817. edit
^ Bradley, D. . (Dec 2005). "Star role for bacteria in controlling flu pandemic?". Nature reviews. Drug discovery 4 (12): 945–946. doi:10.1038/nrd1917. ISSN 1474-1776. PMID 16370070. edit
^ Krämer, M.; Bongaerts, J.; Bovenberg, R.; Kremer, S.; Müller, U.; Orf, S.; Wubbolts, M.; Raeven, L. (2003). "Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid". Metabolic Engineering 5 (4): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001. PMID 14642355. edit
^ Johansson, L.; Lindskog, A.; Silfversparre, G.; Cimander, C.; Nielsen, K. F.; Lidén, G. (Dec 2005). "Shikimic acid production by a modified strain of E. Coli (W3110.shik1) under phosphate-limited and carbon-limited conditions". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 92 (5): 541–552. doi:10.1002/bit.20546. ISSN 0006-3592. PMID 16240440. edit
^ Louisa Lim (18 May 2009). "Swine Flu Bumps Up Price Of Chinese Spice". NPR.
^ Perret, C.; Tabin, R.; Marcoz, J. -P.; Llor, J.; Cheseaux, J. -J. (2011). "Malaise du nourrisson pensez à une intoxication à l'anis étoilé". Archives de Pédiatrie 18 (7): 750–753. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.03.024. PMID 21652187. edit ("Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!")
^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments -- Botanical nomenclature". Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Joshi, Vaishali C.; Ragone, S; Bruck, IS; Bernstein, JN; Duchowny, M; Peña, BM (2005). "Rapid and easy identification of Illicium verum Hook. f. and its adulterant Illicium anisatum Linn. by fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography". Journal of AOAC International (AOAC International) 88 (3): 703–706. PMID 16001842. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
^ Lederer, Ines; Schulzki, G; Gross, J; Steffen, JP (2006). "Combination of TLC and HPLC-MS/MS methods. Approach to a rational quality control of Chinese star anise". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (American Chemical Society) 54 (6): 1970–1974. doi:10.1021/jf058156b. PMID 16536563. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 11178:1995 Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) -- Specification". Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ 供销总杜南京野生植物综合利用研究院. "GB/T 7652-2006 八角". Retrieved 8 June 2009.

Bibliography[edit]

ITIS 505892
US FDA Advisory on star anise "teas"

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illicium verum.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Biosynthesis of silver fine particles and particles decorated with nanoparticles using the extract of Illicium verum (star anise) seeds.

Luna C1, Chávez VH2, Barriga-Castro ED2, Núñez NO3, Mendoza-Reséndez R4.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Apr 15;141:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.076. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
Given the upsurge of new technologies based on nanomaterials, the development of sustainable methods to obtain functional nanostructures has become an imperative task. In this matter, several recent researches have shown that the biodegradable natural antioxidants of several plant extracts can be us
PMID 25659741

In Vitro Neuroprotective Effect of Shikimic Acid Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Rabelo TK1, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Caregnato FF, Schnorr CE, Gasparotto J, Serafini MR, de Souza Araújo AA, Quintans-Junior LJ, Moreira JC, Gelain DP.
Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN.J Mol Neurosci.2015 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Shikimic acid (SA), originally extracted from Illicium verum Hook. fil., is an indispensable starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) with very limited number of studies regarding its biological effects in vitro. Therefore, we here evaluated the thermoanalyti
PMID 25862258

Effects of dietary star anise (Illicium verum Hook f) supplementation during gestation and lactation on the performance of lactating multiparous sows and nursing piglets.

Wang GY1, Yang C, Yang Z, Yang W, Jiang S, Zhang G, Guo Y, Wei M.
Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaihō.Anim Sci J.2015 Apr;86(4):401-7. doi: 10.1111/asj.12300. Epub 2014 Nov 30.
Thirty-two sows were allocated to four treatments to evaluate the effect of dietary star anise (SA) supplementation during gestation and lactation on the lactational performance of sows. At 85 days of gestation, sows were randomly allotted to one of two diets supplemented with 0.5% SA or basal diet.
PMID 25438815

Japanese Journal

形態的観察, PCR法及びLC/MS分析による育成牛シキミ中毒の診断

河津理子,福田昌治,土門尚貴,茂木守,門田裕一
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 64(10), 791-796, 2011-10-20
平成21年9月、埼玉県内の酪農場で育成牛2頭（ホルスタイン種、雌、約18カ月齢）が起立不能及び痙攣を呈し、うち1頭は死亡した．畜主は、その2日前に放牧場周辺の生垣を剪定し、その枝葉を敷料に使用していた．生垣から採取した葉及び死亡牛の第一胃内容中の葉片は形態的観察、PCR-RFLP法及び分子系統解析によりシキミと同定した．また、死亡牛の第一胃内容と血液を液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計（LC／MS）で分 …
NAID 10029836285

アルコール濾過法によるシキミのサビダニ類のサンプリングとサビダニ類に対する各薬剤の防除効果

杉山恵太郎,多々良明夫,天野善規,時田哲男
関東東山病害虫研究会報 55, 151-154, 2008-12-01
NAID 10024594167

Effects of Some Chinese Spices on Body Weights, Plasma Lipids, Lipid Peroxides, and Glucose, and Liver Lipids in Mice

YU Longquan,SHIRAI Nobuya,SUZUKI Hiramitsu
Food science and technology research 13(2), 155-161, 2007-05-01
… There was a significant reduction in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in mice in the star anise, clove and tsao-ko diet groups, and it was significantly higher in cassia diet group. … The TBARS values were remarkably reduced in mice in the white pepper and tsao-ko diet groups, and it were significantly increased in the mice administered star anise and fennel. …
NAID 10019577874

「star」

Star anise
	Star anise fruits (Illicium verum)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
Order:	Austrobaileyales
Family:	Schisandraceae
Genus:	Illicium
Species:	I. verum
Binomial name
	Illicium verum; Hook.f.

　　[★]

n.

星

関: astronomy、galaxy

「aniseed」

　　[★]

n.

(セリ科)アニシード、アニスの実

「STAR」

　　[★]

関: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

「ani」

　　[★]

np

肛門

関: anal、anus

[1] "Spaghetti Bolognese". In Search of Perfection. BBC Two.

[Wang-2] Wang, G. W.; Hu, W. T.; Huang, B. K.; Qin, L. P. (2011). "Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051. PMID 21549817. edit

[3] Bradley, D. . (Dec 2005). "Star role for bacteria in controlling flu pandemic?". Nature reviews. Drug discovery 4 (12): 945–946. doi:10.1038/nrd1917. ISSN 1474-1776. PMID 16370070. edit

[4] Krämer, M.; Bongaerts, J.; Bovenberg, R.; Kremer, S.; Müller, U.; Orf, S.; Wubbolts, M.; Raeven, L. (2003). "Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid". Metabolic Engineering 5 (4): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001. PMID 14642355. edit

[5] Johansson, L.; Lindskog, A.; Silfversparre, G.; Cimander, C.; Nielsen, K. F.; Lidén, G. (Dec 2005). "Shikimic acid production by a modified strain of E. Coli (W3110.shik1) under phosphate-limited and carbon-limited conditions". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 92 (5): 541–552. doi:10.1002/bit.20546. ISSN 0006-3592. PMID 16240440. edit

[6] Louisa Lim (18 May 2009). "Swine Flu Bumps Up Price Of Chinese Spice". NPR.

[7] Perret, C.; Tabin, R.; Marcoz, J. -P.; Llor, J.; Cheseaux, J. -J. (2011). "Malaise du nourrisson pensez à une intoxication à l'anis étoilé". Archives de Pédiatrie 18 (7): 750–753. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.03.024. PMID 21652187. edit ("Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!")

[scbn-8] International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments -- Botanical nomenclature". Retrieved 8 June 2009.

[reiivh-9] Joshi, Vaishali C.; Ragone, S; Bruck, IS; Bernstein, JN; Duchowny, M; Peña, BM (2005). "Rapid and easy identification of Illicium verum Hook. f. and its adulterant Illicium anisatum Linn. by fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography". Journal of AOAC International (AOAC International) 88 (3): 703–706. PMID 16001842. Retrieved 10 November 2007.

[cthm-10] Lederer, Ines; Schulzki, G; Gross, J; Steffen, JP (2006). "Combination of TLC and HPLC-MS/MS methods. Approach to a rational quality control of Chinese star anise". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (American Chemical Society) 54 (6): 1970–1974. doi:10.1021/jf058156b. PMID 16536563. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[sais-11] International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 11178:1995 Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) -- Specification". Retrieved 8 June 2009.

[bajiao-12] 供销总杜南京野生植物综合利用研究院. "GB/T 7652-2006 八角". Retrieved 8 June 2009.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

star anise