in spite of

WordNet

a pause for relaxation; "people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests" (同)rest, relief, rest period
a pause from doing something (as work); "we took a 10-minute break"; "he took time out to recuperate" (同)recess, break, time out
showing malicious ill will and a desire to hurt; motivated by spite; "a despiteful fiend"; "a truly spiteful child"; "a vindictive man will look for occasions for resentment" (同)spiteful, vindictive
in a maliciously spiteful manner; "pray for them that despitefully use us" (同)spitefully
with spite; in a spiteful manner; "he answered his accusers spitefully"
utter with anger or contempt (同)spit out
expel or eject (saliva or phlegm or sputum) from the mouth; "The father of the victim spat at the alleged murderer" (同)ptyalize, ptyalise, spew, spue
the act of spitting (forcefully expelling saliva) (同)spitting, expectoration
a skewer for holding meat over a fire
a narrow strip of land that juts out into the sea (同)tongue

PrepTutorEJDIC

悪意,意地悪 / 《a ~》(…への)恨み《+『against』(『at』)+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘に'意地悪をする,‘を'困らせる
労働の合間の)ひと休み,(苦痛などの)一時的な途切れ《+『from』+『名』》 / (責務の)延期,(死刑などの)執行猶予 / …‘に'刑の執行を猶予する
意地悪い
〈つば・食べ物など〉‘を'『吐く』,吐き出す《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / (…に)〈悪口など〉‘を'吐き出すように言う《+『out』+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / (…に向かって)『つばを吐く』《+『at』(『in』,『into』,『on』,『upon』)+『名』》 / つば(saliva)
(焼き肉用の)くし,焼きぐし / (細長く海に突き出た)出州(です),砂州(さす);みさき / 〈肉など〉‘を'焼きぐしに刺す

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/31 21:02:52」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In fair division problems, spite is a phenomenon that occurs when a player's value of an allocation decreases when one or more other players' valuation increases. Thus, other things being equal, a player exhibiting spite will prefer an allocation in which other players receive less than more (if more of the good is desirable).

In this language, spite is difficult to analyze because one has to assess two sets of preferences. For example, in the divide and choose method, a spiteful player would have to make a trade-off between depriving his opponent of cake, and getting more himself.

Within the field of social evolution, spite is used to describe those social behaviors that have a negative impact on both the actor and recipient(s). Spite can be favored by kin selection when: (a) it leads to an indirect benefit to some third party that is sufficiently related to the actor (Wilsonian spite); or (b) when it is directed primarily at negatively related individuals (Hamiltonian spite). Negative relatedness occurs when two individuals are less related than average.

In game theory

The iterated prisoner's dilemma provides an example where players may "punish" each other for failing to cooperate in previous rounds, even if doing so would cause negative consequences for both players. For example, the simple "tit for tat" strategy has been shown to be effective in round-robin tournaments of iterated prisoner's dilemma.

In industrial relations

There is always difficulty in fairly dividing the proceeds of a business between the business owners and the employees.

When a trade union decides to call a strike, both employer and the union members lose money (and may damage the national economy). The unionists hope that the employer will give in to their demands before such losses have destroyed the business.

In the reverse direction, an employer may terminate the employment of certain productive workers who are agitating for higher wages or organising a trade union. Losing productive workers is a setback to both the business and the employees but this can serve as an example to others and thus maximise employer power.

In behavioral ecology

Polyembryonic wasps, including C. floridanum, exhibit spite through instances of precocious larval development.^[1] Spite provides an explanation for how natural selection can favor harmful behaviors that are costly to both the actor and the recipient;^[1] spite is typically considered a form of altruism that benefits a secondary recipient. Two criteria demonstrate that spite is truly occurring: (i) the behavior is truly costly to the actor and does not provide a long-term direct benefit; and (ii) harming behaviors are directed toward relatively unrelated individuals.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Gardner, Andy; Ian C.W. Hardy; Peter D. Taylor; Stuart A. West (April 2007). "Spiteful Soldiers and Sex Ratio Conflict in Polyembryonic Parasitoid Wasps" (pdf). The American Naturalist 169 (4): 519–533. doi:10.1086/512107.
^ Davies, Nicholas B.; John R. Krebs; Stuart A. West (1981). "An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology". Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 308–333; 360–393.

Foster, K.R., Wenseleers, T. & Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2001) Spite: Hamilton's unproven theory. Annales Zoologici Fennici, p. 38,229-238. [1]
Gardner, A. & West, S.A. (2006) Spite. Current Biology, p. 16,R662-R664.[2]

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