WordNet

the process of coughing up and spitting out
like or containing small sticky lumps; "the dumplings were chunky pieces of uncooked dough" (同)lumpy
short and thick; as e.g. having short legs and heavy musculature; "some people seem born to be square and chunky"; "a dumpy little dumpling of a woman"; "dachshunds are long lowset dogs with drooping ears"; "a little church with a squat tower"; "a squatty red smokestack"; "a stumpy ungainly figure" (同)dumpy, low-set, squat, squatty, stumpy
clear out the chest and lungs; "This drug expectorates quickly" (同)clear_out, drive out
discharge (phlegm or sputum) from the lungs and out of the mouth (同)cough_up, cough out, spit up, spit out
expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness (同)sputum
a medicine promoting expectoration (同)expectorator

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人・動物が)ずんぐりした / (切り取った物が)ぶ厚い
〈痰(たん)・血など〉‘を'吐き出す / つばを吐く
痰(たん) / 冷淡,冷静;鈍感,無気力;粘液質
痰(たん)が出るのを促す / 去痰(きょたん)剤

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/24 21:29:57」(JST)

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Advisory on the wall of a building in New Orleans

Spitting is the act of forcibly ejecting saliva or other substances from the mouth.

It is currently considered rude and a social taboo in many parts of the world including the West, while in some other parts of the world it is considered more socially acceptable. It is commonly believed that it is possible to transmit infectious diseases in this way, including tuberculosis, influenza, and the common cold but the epidemiological evidence that this is the case is not present and it is likely that this belief, although intuitive, is not reflective of meaningful risk.

Spitting upon another person, especially onto the face, is a universal sign of anger, hatred, disrespect or contempt. It can represent a "symbolical regurgitation"^{[clarification needed]} or an act of intentional contamination.

In some Eastern cultures, it is believed that spitting in public is bad luck, because one may unknowingly spit on invisible spirits who take this as an act of great disrespect and will then curse the spitter. Spitting of saliva or of the red coloured 'paan' witnessed in some parts of rural India is also believed to be a major health hazard as it is commonly believed to transmit airborne diseases like tuberculosis, and is hence frowned upon.^{[citation needed]}

In the Western world

Social attitudes towards spitting have changed greatly in Western Europe since the Middle Ages. Then, frequent spitting was part of everyday life, and at all levels of society it was thought ill-mannered to suck back saliva to avoid spitting. By the early 1700s, spitting had become seen as something which should be concealed, and by 1859 many viewed spitting on the floor or street as vulgar, especially in mixed company. Spittoons were used openly during the 19th century to provide an acceptable outlet for spitters. Spittoons became far less common after the influenza epidemic of 1918, and their use has since virtually disappeared, though each justice of the Supreme Court of the United States continues to be provided with a personal cuspidor.^[1]

In the first half of the 20th century the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, the precursor to the American Lung Association, and state affiliates had educational campaigns against spitting to reduce the chance of spreading tuberculosis.^[2]

After wine tasting, the wine is spit into a 'spit bucket' or spittoon.

Competitions

There are some places where spitting is a competitive sport, with or without a projectile in the mouth. For example, there is a Guinness World Record for cherry pit spitting and cricket spitting, and there are world championships in Kudu dung spitting.

Gleeking

Gleeking involves the mouth, tongue, and submandibular gland (#2 in diagram)

Gleeking (also gleeting, geeking, gleeping, glarfing, glitting, gleaking, glicking, glything, glanding, geezing, yanging, cobra spitting, venoming, lizard spitting) is the projection of saliva from the submandibular gland upon compression by the tongue.^[3]

In general, gleeking occurs when an accumulation of saliva in the submandibular gland is propelled out in a stream when the gland is compressed by the tongue. The stream of saliva is released in the general direction of the front of the mouth. If the mouth is open the jet may project several feet. Gleeking is more likely when the salivary gland has been recently stimulated, but even a residual amount of saliva in the gland may be released by gleeking.

Gleeking may occur spontaneously due to accidental tongue pressure on the sublingual gland while talking, eating, yawning, or cleaning the teeth. Gleeking can also be induced, for instance, by pressing the underside of the tongue against the palate, then pushing the tongue forward while simultaneously closing the lower jaw and moving it slightly forward; or by yawning deeply and pressing the tongue against the palate. Practice is usually required to induce gleeking consistently, and induction is more likely to be successful under conditions of salivary stimulation.

Spitting as a protection against evil

In rural parts of North India, it was customary in olden days for mothers to lightly spit at their children (usually to the side of the children rather than directly at them) to imply a sense of disparagement and imperfection that protects them from evil eye (or nazar).^[4] Excessive admiration, even from well-meaning people, is believed to attract the evil eye, so this is believed to protect children from nazar that could be caused by their own mothers' "excessive" love of them.^[4] However, because of hygiene, transmission of disease and social taboos, this practice has waned and instead a black mark of kohl or kajal is put on the forehead or cheek of the child to ward off the evil eye. Adults use an amulet containing alum or chillies and worn on the body for this purpose. Sometimes, this is also done with brides and others by their loved ones to protect them from nazar.

Shopkeepers in the region used to sometimes make a spitting gesture on the cash proceeds from the first sale of the day (called bohni), which is a custom believed to ward-off nazar from the business.^[5]

Such a habit also existed in some Eastern European countries like Romania, and Moldova, although it is no longer widely practiced. People would gently spit in the face of younger people (often younger relatives such as grandchildren or nephews) they admire in order to avoid deochi,^[6] an involuntary curse on the individual being admired or "strangely looked upon",^[6] which is claimed to be the cause of bad fortune and sometimes malaise or various illnesses.^[7] In Greece, it is customary to "spit" three times after making a compliment to someone, the spitting is done to protect from the evil eye.^[8] This applies to all people, it is not just between mothers and children. The spitting is light and from a distance, so it is not actual spitting on the face etc. of the person - which if done is derogatory. This practice sometimes extended to spitting on living plants and animals so as to protect them from sudden death or diseases, and spells which were claimed to break the curse of deochi exist.^[7]

Anti spitting hoods

When a suspect in a criminal case is arrested, he will sometimes try to spit at his captors, which often causes a fear of infection by HIV, Hepatitis C and other diseases that can be transmitted by contact with another person's spittle. Spitting hoods are a hood invented to deal with this risk. Spitting hoods are in use in Australia ^[9] and England, where they are used in handling drunk airline passengers who sexually assault flight attendants.^[10]

In other animals

Black cobra (Naja nigricollis woodi) photographed in Bujumbura, Burundi showing its spread hood and glossy sheen reflected in its scales

Camel
Llama
Spitting cobra
Spitting spider

References

Notes

^ Joan Biskupic (2007-03-19). "Supreme Court holds to tradition". USA Today.
^ The American Lung Association Crusade, University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, retrieved 2014-12-16
^ Gleek at the Double-Tongued Dictionary
^ ^a ^b John Abbott, Indian ritual and belief: the keys of power, Usha, 1984, ... A woman spits on a child to avert from it her own evil-eye ...
^ S.W. Fallon (1879), A new Hindustani-English dictionary: with illustrations from Hindustani literature and folk-lore, Medical Hall Press, ... bohni ... the first money received during the day, or the first ready-money sale ... no credit being given as a rule for the article first sold ... many superstitious people will spit on ... bohni thoni, rad bala ...
^ ^a ^b "Ptiu să nu te deochi" - an article about spitting against "deochi" in a Romanian newspaper
^ ^a ^b Revista de Superstitii si Obiceiuri Populare | Deochiul - superstitie sau adevar? (Deochi - superstition or truth?)
^ greekembassy.org
^ Brisbane Times, 20 Feb 2010. "Lawyers, police in spit spat" http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/lawyers-police-in-spit-spat-20100219-olor.html
^ Blundy, Rachel. London Evening Standard, 23 June 2015. "Jailed: Drunk plane passenger who sexually assaulted flight attendant" http://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/jailed-drunk-plane-passenger-who-sexually-assaulted-flight-attendant-10339288.html

Saint-Butt soft-paste porcelain spitting bowl, "Famille verte", 1730-1740

A more prosaic polychromed toleware spittoon of the late 19th or early 20th century

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