WordNet

the quality or character of being intellectually sophisticated and worldly through cultivation or experience or disillusionment (同)worldliness, mundaneness, mundanity
falsification by the use of sophistry; misleading by means of specious fallacies; "he practiced the art of sophistication upon reason"
being expert or having knowledge of some technical subject; "understanding affine transformations requires considerable mathematical sophistication"
showing mental alertness and calculation and resourcefulness
a kind of pain such as that caused by a wound or a burn or a sore (同)smarting, smartness
capable of independent and apparently intelligent action; "smart weapons"
painfully severe; "he gave the dog a smart blow"
quick and brisk; "I gave him a smart salute"; "we walked at a smart pace"
treat or prepare so as to put in a usable condition; "refine paper stock"; "refine pig iron"; "refine oil"
attenuate or reduce in vigor, strength, or validity by polishing or purifying; "many valuable nutrients are refined out of the foods in our modern diet"
make more precise or increase the discriminatory powers of; "refine a method of analysis"; "refine the constant in the equation"
reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; separate from extraneous matter or cleanse from impurities; "refine sugar" (同)rectify
the quality of excellence in thought and manners and taste; "a man of intellectual refinement"; "he is remembered for his generosity and civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the result of improving something; "he described a refinement of this technique" (同)elaboration
intellectually appealing; "a sophisticated drama"
having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire; "sophisticated young socialites"; "a sophisticated audience"; "a sophisticated lifestyle"; "a sophisticated book"

PrepTutorEJDIC

世間ずれ,世慣れ / 洗練された考え方;高尚な好み / 詭弁(きべん)を用いること / (機械・方式などの)複雑さ
(頭の働きが)機敏な,気のきいた,抜け目のない;悪知恵が働く;(動作が)機敏な,てきぱきした(lively)・現代風の,流行の(fashionable) ・(人・服装などが)きちんとした,いきな,スマートな・ずきんとくる,厳しい,激しい・〈物事が〉ずきんとこたえる・〈傷口などが〉(…が原因で)ずきずき痛む,うずく《+『from』+『名』》・(…で)〈人が〉ずきんと心が痛む《+『from』(『under』)+『名』》・(心・傷口などの)鋭い痛み,うずき《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》
…‘を'『精製する』,精錬する / 〈言葉・態度など〉‘を'『洗練する』,上品にする,優雅にする
〈U〉精製,精錬 / 〈U〉洗練,上品,優雅 / 〈C〉改良点,工夫 / 〈C〉(…の)極致《+『of』+『名』》
『世慣れた』,世間ずれした,純真でない / 洗練された,気のきいた / (機械・方式などが)極めて複雑な,精巧な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/06 06:34:59」(JST)

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Tamara de Lempicka, the art deco painter who epitomised urbane sophistication in the 1920s

Sophistication is, by earlier definitions^{[citation needed]}, the act of denaturing or simplifying. Sophistication is in direct conflict with nature. Modern definitions include quality of refinement — displaying good taste, wisdom and subtlety rather than crudeness, stupidity and vulgarity.^[1] In the perception of social class, sophistication can link with concepts such as status, privilege and superiority.^[2]

Scope of sophistication

In social terms, sophistication can be seen as "a form of snobbery".^[3]

A study of style conveys an idea of the range of possible elements though which one can demonstrate sophistication in elegance and fashion, covering the art of "[...] the shoemaker, the hairdresser, the cosmetologist, the cookbook writers, the chef, the diamond merchant, the couturieres, and the fashion queens, the inventors of the folding umbrella ... and of champagne."^[4]

History

In Ancient Greece, sophia was the special insight of poets and prophets. This then became the wisdom of philosophers such as sophists.^[5] But their use of rhetoric to win arguments gave sophistication a derogatory quality. Sophistry was then the art of misleading.

The system of modern Western sophistication has its roots in France, arguably helped along its way by the policies of King Louis XIV (reigned 1643–1715).^[6]

The English regarded sophistication as decadent and deceptive until the aristocratic sensibilities and refined elegance of Regency dandies such as Beau Brummell (1778–1840) became fashionable and admired.^[7]

Types of sophistication

Recognised varieties of sophistication include:

cultural sophistication^[8](or culturedness)
intellectual sophistication^[9]

In the analysis of humor, Victor Raskin distinguishes "two types of sophistication: limited access, or allusive knowledge, and complex processing".^[10]

Acquiring sophistication

Methods of acquiring the appearance of personal sophistication include:

educational travel - note the function of the traditional Grand Tour for European aesthetes^[11]

Finishing school^[12]

On a societal level commentators can associate various forms of sophistication with civilization.^[13]^[14]

References

^ Faye Hammill (2010), Sophistication: A Literary and Cultural History
^ Note for example: Firat, A. Fuat; Nikhilesh Dholakia (2003). Consuming people: from political economy to theaters of consumption. Routledge interpretive marketing research series. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-415-31620-0. Retrieved 2011-02-28. In every culture ideas develop among the different social classes as to what signifies status, sophistication, privilege, and superiority.
^ Holleran, Andrew (January 2001). "Staying a Step Ahead". Out (Here Publishing) 9 (7): 38–80. ISSN 1062-7928. Retrieved 2011-03-06. [...] sophistication is a form of snobbery - it's based above all on knowing something another person does not.
^ DeJean, Joan (2003). The essence of style: how the French invented high fashion, fine food, chic cafes, style, sophistication, and glamour. New York: Free Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7432-6413-6. So here are the stories of the shoemaker, the hairdresser, the cosmetologist, the cookbook writers, the chef, the diamond merchant, the couturieres, and the fashion queens, the inventors of the folding umbrella ... and of champagne. Together they created a style that still shapes our ideas of elegance, sophistication, and luxury.
^ Mark Backman (1991), "The Roots of Our Sophistication", Sophistication, Ox Bow Press, ISBN 978-0-918024-91-6
^ For example: DeJean, Joan (2003). The essence of style: how the French invented high fashion, fine food, chic cafes, style, sophistication, and glamour. New York: Free Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7432-6413-6. In the sixteenth century, the French were not thought of as the most elegant or the most sophisticated European nation. By the early eighteenth century, however, people all over Europe declared that 'the French are stylish' or 'the French know good food,' just as they said, 'the Dutch are clean.' France had acquired a sort of monopoly on culture, style, and luxury living, a position that it has occupied ever since. [...] Beginning in the late seventeenth century, travelers were saying what novelists and filmmakers are still repeating: travel to Paris was guaranteed to add a touch of magic to every life. [...] [F]rom this moment on, that touch of magic became widely desired: elegance, luxury, and sophistication became factors to be reckoned with.
^ Deborah Longworth (2 Sep 2010), "Sophistication: A Literary and Cultural History", Times Higher Education
^ For example: Holt, Douglas; Douglas Cameron (2010). Cultural Strategy: Using Innovative Ideologies to Build Breakthrough Brands. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 0-19-958740-X. Retrieved 2011-02-24. The pursuit of cultural sophistication (Bourdieu's cultural capital) was until recently a niche phenomenon in America. It existed mainly in 'old-money' families, which dominated elite breeding grounds (prep schools, Ivy league universities, elite liberal arts colleges), and in the small Bohemian circles in the country's biggest cities. [...] The transformation of the American class dynamic from a single-minded striving for economic abundance to a multi-dimensional striving for sophistication in addition to abundance - a mixture of status pursuits more typical of Europe - was seeded in the 1960s. = adam markovich
^ For example:Hodgson, Marshall G. S (1974). The venture of Islam: conscience and history in a world civilization 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-226-34684-7. Retrieved 2011-02-24. But the mutakallim's universe of discourse now included the whole range of Falsafah with its intellectual sophistication.
^ Attardo, Salvatore (1994). Linguistic theories of humor. Approaches to Semiotics 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-11-014255-6. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
^ Warneke, Sara (1995). Images of the educational traveller in early modern England. Brill's studies in intellectual history 58. Brill. p. 242. ISBN 978-90-04-10126-5. Retrieved 2011-02-24. By the second half of the seventeenth century the experience of the Grand Tour marked the socially successful gentleman. In 1678 Gailhard noted that many travelled Englishmen regarded their home-bred compatriots as their social inferiors and affected foreign accents, fashions and mannerisms in order to demonstrate their sophistication.
^ Mackintosh, Prudence (January 1986). "Little Women". Texas Monthly (Emmis Communications) 14 (1): 154. ISSN 0148-7736. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 1913 [-] Miss Ela Hockaday opens a finishing school in Dallas and single-handedly creates the Texas ideal of what a lady should be. [...] [D]aughters from remote West Texas ranches gained a measure of sophistication.
^ Callahan, Mary P. (2004), "Making Myanmars: Language, Territory and Belonging in Post-Socialist Burma", in Migdal, Joel S., Boundaries and belonging: states and societies in the struggle to shape identities and local practices, Cambridge University Press, pp. 99–120, ISBN 978-0-521-83566-4, retrieved 2011-03-13, This centralization led to a hierarchical ordering of territory and populations that located sophistication, civilization, and power in the center. Distance from Rangoon was associated with political insignificance and social backwardness.
^ Hernández, Mark A (2006). Figural conquistadors: rewriting the New World's discovery and conquest in Mexican and River Plate novels of the 1980s and 1990s. The Bucknell studies in Latin American literature and theory. Bucknell University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8387-5645-4. Retrieved 2011-03-13. And by showing the sophistication of Aztec civilization, the editor challenges the premise upon which the conquest was justified and legitimated.

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English Journal

Motor skill for tool-use is associated with asymmetries in Broca's area and the motor hand area of the precentral gyrus in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Hopkins WD1, Meguerditchian A2, Coulon O3, Misiura M4, Pope S4, Mareno MC5, Schapiro SJ5.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2017 Feb 1;318:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.048. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
Among nonhuman primates, chimpanzees are well known for their sophistication and diversity of tool use in both captivity and the wild. The evolution of tool manufacture and use has been proposed as a driving mechanism for the development of increasing brain size, complex cognition and motor skills,
PMID 27816558

Disfluency effects on lexical selection.

Medimorec S1, Young TP2, Risko EF2.
Cognition.Cognition.2017 Jan;158:28-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.008. Epub 2016 Oct 21.
Recent research has suggested that introducing a disfluency in the context of written composition (i.e., typing with one hand) can increase lexical sophistication. In the current study, we provide a strong test between two accounts of this phenomenon, one that attributes it to the delay caused by th
PMID 27771539

Empathic Communication in Virtual Education for Nursing Students: I'm Sorry to Hear That.

Strekalova YA1, Krieger JL, Kleinheksel AJ, Kotranza A.
Nurse educator.Nurse Educ.2017 Jan/Feb;42(1):18-22.
The current study examined the communication strategies used by undergraduate nursing students (N = 343) to express empathy during simulated health history interviews. Interacting with a virtual patient, students encountered up to 9 information disclosures that warranted the expression of empathy bu
PMID 27490312

The role of guided growth as it relates to limb lengthening.

Stevens PM1.
Journal of children's orthopaedics.J Child Orthop.2016 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
For decades, the classic indication for limb lengthening has been reserved for anisomelia that was expected to reach or exceed 5 cm at maturity. Epiphysiodesis was reserved for discrepancies in the 2-5 cm range. With the increasing sophistication of fixators, including rail, hexapod, and hybrid, co
PMID 27914027