WordNet

a condition superior to an earlier condition; "the new school represents a great improvement" (同)melioration
the act of improving something; "their improvements increased the value of the property"
a change for the better; progress in development (同)betterment, advance
the quality of excellence in thought and manners and taste; "a man of intellectual refinement"; "he is remembered for his generosity and civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the result of improving something; "he described a refinement of this technique" (同)elaboration
heal or recover; "My broken leg is mending" (同)heal
sewing that repairs a worn or torn hole (especially in a garment); "her stockings had several mends" (同)patch, darn
the act of improving yourself (同)self-reformation

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…の,…における)『改良』,改善,進歩,上達《+『of』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉改良(改善)点
〈U〉精製,精錬 / 〈U〉洗練,上品,優雅 / 〈C〉改良点,工夫 / 〈C〉(…の)極致《+『of』+『名』》
…‘を'『直す』,修繕いる / 〈行い・誤りなど〉‘を'『改める』,改善する / (繕って)元通りになる / 〈病人・けがなどが〉快方に向かう / 修繕箇所 / かがった部分
…‘を'『もっとよくする』,改良する,改善する / 〈時間・機会など〉‘を'『利用する』 / (…の点で)『よくなる』,りっぱになる,上達する(become better)《+『in』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/07 10:01:58」(JST)

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Improvement is the process of a thing moving from one state to a state considered to be better, usually through some action intended to bring about that better state. The concept of improvement is important to governments and businesses, as well as to individuals.

History of the concept

The term "improvement" historically referred to land improvement, the process of making wild land more suitable for human uses, particularly the cultivation of crops.^[1] This limited agricultural use of the term changed in the 17th century, when "its metaphoric range was extended to include a host of social and political reforms aimed at growth, development, or perfection".^[1] In short order, the term "improvement" became "nothing less than shorthand for the civilizing process",^[1]^[2] and thereafter "played an important role in eighteenth- century European debates over the foundations of social order".^[1] Friedrich Nietzsche criticized this concept of "improvement" in his notes published in The Will to Power, asserting that it created a false and self-serving sense of human superiority over nature, and that the "civilizing" of man was actually a "softening".^[3]

In the 20th century, the concept of improvement expanded even further. Businesses developed philosophies of having a continual improvement process, wherein all activities of the business are constantly examined to weed out inefficiencies and better ways of carrying out tasks. At the same time, the concept of individual self-improvement blossomed, leading to "tremendous growth in self-help publishing [and] self-improvement culture",^[4] wherein people assessed their lives in much the same way. Home improvement, the process or result of improving the efficiency, livability, or market value of a personal dwelling, has also become a substantial industry.

In business

Many theories and practices exist with respect to improvement in business. For example, business process improvement is a systematic approach to help an organization optimize its underlying processes to achieve more efficient results. One such approach is focused improvement, the ensemble of activities aimed at elevating the performance of any system, especially a business system, by working on eliminating its constraints one by one while not working on non-constraints. Performance improvement focuses on measuring the output of a particular business process or procedure, then modifying the process or procedure to increase the output, increase efficiency, or increase the effectiveness of the process or procedure. Quality improvement is one of the four aspects of the concept of quality management.

In government

Governments often use language proposing improvement of processes or areas. In some places a business improvement district or tourism improvement district may be incorporated into urban zoning, with the enactment of laws intended to benefit businesses that are established in the area. An improvement trust, a type of legal trust created for the improvement of something, may be settled for the benefit of a municipal area.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alan Craig Houston, Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (2008), p. 12.
^ See also Andrew D. Lambert, The Gates of Hell: Sir John Franklin's Tragic Quest for the North West Passage (2014), p. 136: "The Enlightenment concept of improvement as applied to the land was seen as a civilising mission".
^ Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power (2011 ed.), p. 91, 212.
^ Micki McGee. Self-Help, Inc.: Makeover culture in American Life (Oxford 2005) p. 12.

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