関: Kidney disease

WordNet

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
腎臓の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/26 09:00:08」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Neuropathy.

Nephropathy means damage to or disease of a kidney. Nephrosis is non-inflammatory nephropathy. Nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease.

Causes[edit source | edit]

Causes of nephropathy include deposition of the IgA antibodies in the glomerulus, administration of analgesics, xanthine oxidase deficiency, toxicity of chemotherapy agents, and long-term exposure to lead or its salts. Chronic conditions that can produce nephropathy include systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure (hypertension), which lead to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy, respectively.

IgA nephropathy[edit source | edit]

Main article: IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis throughout the world ^[1] Primary IgA nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the IgA antibody in the glomerulus. The classic presentation (in 40-50% of the cases) is episodic frank hematuria which usually starts within a day or two of a non-specific upper respiratory tract infection (hence synpharyngitic) as opposed to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis which occurs some time (weeks) after initial infection. Less commonly gastrointestinal or urinary infection can be the inciting agent. All of these infections have in common the activation of mucosal defenses and hence IgA antibody production.

Analgesics[edit source | edit]

Main article: Analgesic nephropathy

One cause of nephropathy is the long term usage of analgesics. The pain medicines which can cause kidney problems include aspirin, acetaminophen, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs. This form of nephropathy is "chronic analgesic nephritis," a chronic inflammatory change characterized by loss and atrophy of tubules and interstitial fibrosis and inflammation (BRS Pathology, 2nd edition).

Specifically, long term use of the analgesic phenacetin has been linked to renal papillary necrosis (necrotizing papillitis).

Xanthine oxidase deficiency[edit source | edit]

Main article: Xanthine oxidase deficiency

Another possible cause of nephropathy is due to decreased function of xanthine oxidase in the purine degradation pathway. Xanthine oxidase will degrade hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. Xanthine is not very soluble in water; therefore, an increase in xanthine forms crystals (which can lead to kidney stones) and result in damage of the kidney. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, like allopurinol, can cause nephropathy.

Polycystic Disease of the Kidneys[edit source | edit]

Main article: Polycystic kidney disease

Additional possible cause of nephropathy is due to the formation of cysts or pockets containing fluid within the kidneys. These cysts get enlarged with the progression of aging causing renal failure. Cysts may also form in other organs including the liver, brain and ovaries. Polycystic Kidney Disease is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the PKD1, PKD2, and PKHD1 genes. This disease affects about half a million people in the US. Polycystic kidneys are susceptible to infections and cancer.

Additional information and support http://www.endpkd.ca/

Toxicity of Chemotherapy Agents[edit source | edit]

Main article: Onconephrology

Nephropathy can be associated with some therapies used to treat cancer. The most common form of kidney disease in cancer patients is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) which can usually be due to volume depletion from vomiting and diarrhea that occur following chemotherapy or occasionally due to kidney toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents. Kidney failure from break down of cancer cells, usually after chemotherapy, is unique to onconephrology. Several chemotherapeutic agents, for example Cisplatin, are associated with acute and chronic kidney injuries.^[2] Newer agents such as anti Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti VEGF) are also associated with similar injuries, as well as proteinuria, hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy.^[3]

Development[edit source | edit]

Kidney Disease is a chronic non-communicable disease, having serious consequence if it can not be controlled effectively. Generally, the process of Kidney Disease development is from light to serious. Most Kidney Diseases follow developing process of Renal Insufficiency, Renal Failure and Uremia.

References[edit source | edit]

^ D'Amico, G (1987). "The commonest glomerulonephritis in the world: IgA nephropathy.". Q J Med 64 (245): 709–727. PMID 3329736.
^ Portilla D, Safar AM, Shannon ML, Penson RT. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. In: UpToDate, Palevsky PM (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cisplatin-nephrotoxicity
^ Robinson, Emily S.; Khankin, Eliyahu V.; Karumanchi, S. Ananth; Humphreys, Benjamin D. (1 November 2010). "Hypertension Induced by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway Inhibition: Mechanisms and Potential Use as a Biomarker". Seminars in Nephrology 30 (6): 591–601. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.09.007. PMC 3058726. PMID 21146124.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における慢性腎臓病マネージメントの概要 overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults
2. 新規に特定された慢性腎臓病を有する患者に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to the patient with newly identified chronic kidney disease
3. 小児における慢性腎臓病のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in children
4. 成人における慢性腎臓病の定義および病期分類 definition and staging of chronic kidney disease in adults
5. 外来での亜急性腎障害患者に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to the patient with subacute kidney injury in an outpatient setting

English Journal

Chelation therapy for treatment of systemic intoxication with uranium: A review.

Šömen Joksić A1,2, Katz SA3,4.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng.2015 Dec 6;50(14):1479-88. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1071154. Epub 2015 Aug 25.
Elevated levels of naturally occurring uranium have been found in small geographic areas throughout the world. Exposure of the general public to uranium is most often by the ingestion of food and water containing natural uranium from the hydrogeological environment, but this likelihood is remote. Ho
PMID 26305139

BaHoF5 nanoprobes as high-performance contrast agents for multi-modal CT imaging of ischemic stroke.

Wang J1, Ni D2, Bu W3, Zhou Q1, Fan W2, Wu Y1, Liu Y2, Yin L1, Cui Z2, Zhang X1, Zhang H1, Yao Z4.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2015 Dec;71:110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.038. Epub 2015 Aug 20.
CT angiography (CTA) and CT perfusion (CTP) imaging can play important roles in the workup of acute ischemic stroke. However, these techniques are hindered by the large amounts of contrast agents (CAs) required, high doses of X-ray radiation exposure, and nephrotoxicity of the clinical used iodinate
PMID 26321059

Nrf2 in health and disease: current and future clinical implications.

Al-Sawaf O1, Clarner T2, Fragoulis A3, Kan YW4, Pufe T5, Streetz K6, Wruck CJ1.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Dec 1;129(12):989-99. doi: 10.1042/CS20150436.
The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a major regulator of oxidative stress defence in the human body. As Nrf2 regulates the expression of a large battery of cytoprotective genes, it plays a crucial role in the prevention of degenerative disease in multiple o
PMID 26386022

Japanese Journal

The Presence of Anti-Lactoferrin Antibodies in a Subgroup of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Patients and Their Possible Contribution to Enhancement of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Frontiers in Immunology 7, 636, 2016-12-23
NAID 120005907000

Cleaved form of osteopontin in urine as a clinical marker of lupus nephritis

PLOS ONE 11(12), 2016-12-19
NAID 120005947201

〔研究ノート〕卵巣摘除された慢性腎臓病モデルラットの骨代謝維持に対する食餌アルギニンあるいは大豆イソフラボン抽出物投与の有効性評価に関する基礎的研究

学苑 = Gakuen (914), ６-14, 2016-12-01
NAID 120005903973

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「renal disorder」「腎疾患」「腎臓病」「kidney disease」
拡張検索	「polycystic renal disease」「diabetic end-stage renal disease」「end-stage renal disease」
関連記事	「disease」「renal」