原発巣

WordNet

cause to converge on or toward a central point; "Focus the light on this image"
a point of convergence of light (or other radiation) or a point from which it diverges (同)focal_point
a central point or locus of an infection in an organism; "the focus of infection" (同)focal_point, nidus
become focussed or come into focus; "The light focused" (同)focalize, focalise
put (an image) into focus; "Please focus the image; we cannot enjoy the movie" (同)focalize, focalise, sharpen
maximum clarity or distinctness of an idea; "the controversy brought clearly into focus an important difference of opinion"
maximum clarity or distinctness of an image rendered by an optical system; "in focus"; "out of focus"
the concentration of attention or energy on something; "the focus of activity shifted to molecular biology"; "he had no direction in his life" (同)focusing, focussing, focal_point, direction, centering
a fixed reference point on the concave side of a conic section
of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary; "primary goals"; "a primary effect"; "primary sources"; "a primary interest"
a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen (同)primary_election
one of the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of a birds wing (同)primary feather, primary quill
(astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it
not derived from or reducible to something else; basic; "a primary instinct"
of an optical system (e.g. eye or opera glasses) adjusted to produce a clear image
(of light rays) converging on a point; "focused light rays can set something afire" (同)focussed
being in focus or brought into focus (同)focussed

PrepTutorEJDIC

『焦点』 / 焦点距離(focal length) / 焦点整合,ピント / (活動・興味・重要性などの)焦点,中心 / (楕円・放物線・双曲線などの)焦点 / 震源[地] / (…に)〈レンズなど〉‘の'『焦点を合わせる』《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)〈注意など〉‘を'集中する《+『名』+『on』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…に)〈レンズなどの〉焦点が合う;〈注意などが〉集まる《+『on』+『名』》
『第一の』,『主要な』 / 『初期の』,『初等の』,初級の / 『根本的な』,基本的な,本来の,直接的な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(回路・コイル・巻き・電流などが)一次の / 原色(三原色の一つ) / 《米》=primary election

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発不明の腺癌 adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site
2. 原発不明癌の分類およびマネージメントの概要 overview of the classification and management of cancers of unknown primary site
3. 原発性皮膚辺縁帯リンパ腫 primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
4. 皮膚黒色腫におけるtumor node metastasis（TNM）病期分類法およびその他の予後因子 tumor node metastasis tnm staging system and other prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma
5. 原発不明の扁平上皮癌 squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary site

English Journal

Monitoring tumor-derived cell-free DNA in patients with solid tumors: Clinical perspectives and research opportunities.

Esposito A1, Bardelli A2, Criscitiello C1, Colombo N3, Gelao L1, Fumagalli L1, Minchella I1, Locatelli M1, Goldhirsch A4, Curigliano G5.Author information 1Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano, Italy.2Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; IRCC Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy.3Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano, Italy.4Breast Cancer Program Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano, Italy.5Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20133 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.curigliano@ieo.it.AbstractCirculating cell-free DNA represents a non-invasive biomarker, as it can be isolated from human plasma, serum and other body fluids. Circulating tumor DNA shed from primary and metastatic cancers may allow the non-invasive analysis of the evolution of tumor genomes during treatment and disease progression through 'liquid biopsies'. The serial monitoring of tumor genotypes, which are instable and prone to changes under selection pressure, is becoming increasingly possible. The "liquid biopsy" provide novel biological insights into the process of metastasis and may elucidate signaling pathways involved in cell invasiveness and metastatic competence. This review will focus on the clinical utility of circulating cell free DNA in main solid tumors, including genetic and epigenetic alterations that can be detected.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2014 Jun;40(5):648-655. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.10.003. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Circulating cell-free DNA represents a non-invasive biomarker, as it can be isolated from human plasma, serum and other body fluids. Circulating tumor DNA shed from primary and metastatic cancers may allow the non-invasive analysis of the evolution of tumor genomes during treatment and disease progr
PMID 24184333

Naive T cells: The crux of cellular immune aging?

Appay V1, Sauce D2.Author information 1Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), F-75013, Paris, France. Electronic address: victor.appay@upmc.fr.2Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), F-75013, Paris, France.AbstractWhen encountering foreign antigens, naïve T cells become activated and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. They represent therefore the primary source to mount an immune response against pathogens or tumors. Recent evidence of both quantitative and qualitative alterations of naïve T cells has accumulated in aged mice, indicating that the successful generation of primary T cell responses from the naïve T cell pool may be compromised with old age. However, the vast majority of the data supporting compromised naïve T cell priming efficacy with old age have been produced in animal models, and the situation is much less clear in humans. In the elderly, the involution of the thymus and the associated decline in thymic output result in a decreased number of naïve T cells, which is partially compensated by homeostatic proliferation. Emerging evidence suggest that alterations of the TCR repertoire diversity and intrinsic defects of old CD4+ naïve T cells may impact on their responsiveness to antigenic stimulation. Increasing focus on the study of naïve T cells (in particular CD8+) in old humans are needed to fill the gaps in our understanding of reduced cellular immunity with aging.
Experimental gerontology.Exp Gerontol.2014 Jun;54C:90-93. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
When encountering foreign antigens, naïve T cells become activated and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. They represent therefore the primary source to mount an immune response against pathogens or tumors. Recent evidence of both quantitative and qualitative alterations of naïve T ce
PMID 24440387

A comparison on inclusive practices for children with special needs in faith-based kindergartens in Hong Kong.

Lai YS1, Zhang KC.Author information 1St. Paul's College, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.AbstractThis qualitative study aimed to examine the inclusive practices implemented in three faith-based kindergartens in Hong Kong. A questionnaire was used to collect information about school backgrounds, students' special needs, teacher training, special education services, curriculum design, school policy, parental involvement, and challenges faced by these schools when implementing their inclusive practices. The primary focus of this study was the influence of faiths on the provision of inclusive services for children with special needs. The results indicated that faiths, along with other factors, have played a significant role in contributing to the inclusive education services provided to children in these schools.
Journal of religion and health.J Relig Health.2014 Jun;53(3):809-24. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9676-3.
This qualitative study aimed to examine the inclusive practices implemented in three faith-based kindergartens in Hong Kong. A questionnaire was used to collect information about school backgrounds, students' special needs, teacher training, special education services, curriculum design, school poli
PMID 23325105

Japanese Journal

ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN THE COFFEE VALUE CHAIN AND THE PRICE OF COFFEE AMONG COFFEE PRODUCERS IN TWO VILLAGES IN KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA

David Gongwe MHANDO/Tobias HALLER/Gimbage MBEYALE/Eva LUDI
African study monographs 34(1), 27-56, 2013-03-25
… Similarly, farmers groups and primary societies are now allowed to sell coffee at auction. … Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and socio-anthropological methods (participant-observation, biographies, and thematic interviews). …
NAID 110009555747

『赤い鳥』の童話作品における一人称代名詞 : 鈴木三重吉を中心に

山田実樹,ヤマダミキ,Yamada Miki
広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要. 第二部, 文化教育開発関連領域 61, 179-188, 2012-12-21
… This study attempts to examine first personal pronouns found within children's stories that appear in Akai-Tori with a primary focus on Miekichi Suzuki. …
NAID 120005198297

フィンランドの音楽教育 2-小学校音楽科教材に関する考察 2-

田原昌子
プール学院大学研究紀要 52, 147-161, 2012-12
… From the analysis of the text book in the previous study, this study has reconfirmed that thereare four specific characteristics of Finnish music education: "innovate a wider genre of music", "introduce various European and American music education methods", "emphasize the study ofrhythm", and" focus on harmony and the blending of sounds." …
NAID 110009552633