WordNet

in a direct and unequivocal manner; "I asked him point-blank whether he wanted the job"
close enough to go straight to the target; "point-blank range"; "a point-blank shot"
mark with diacritics; "point the letter"
a very small circular shape; "a row of points"; "draw lines between the dots" (同)dot
an instant of time; "at that point I had to leave" (同)point in time
repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney" (同)repoint
a V shape; "the cannibals teeth were filed to sharp points" (同)tip, peak
a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inch
a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect
one percent of the total principal of a loan; it is paid at the time the loan is made and is independent of the interest on the loan
the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest; "he scored 20 points in the first half"; "a touchdown counts 6 points"
the gun muzzles direction; "he held me up at the point of a gun" (同)gunpoint
the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip (同)pointedness
a wall socket (同)power_point
an outstanding characteristic; "his acting was one of the high points of the movie" (同)spot
a distinguishing or individuating characteristic; "he knows my bad points as well as my good points"
sharp end; "he stuck the point of the knife into a tree"; "he broke the point of his pencil"
a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north" (同)head
a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point"
a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates"
a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point"
the object of an activity; "what is the point of discussing it?"
the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street"
be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease"
indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle; "the dog pointed the dead duck"
mark (a psalm text) to indicate the points at which the music changes
mark (Hebrew words) with diacritics
not charged with a bullet; "a blank cartridge"
a cartridge containing an explosive charge but no bullet (同)dummy, blank shell
a piece of material ready to be made into something
(of a surface) not written or printed on; "blank pages"; "fill in the blank spaces"; "a clean page"; "wide white margins" (同)clean, white
void of expression; "a blank stare" (同)vacuous
keep the opposing (baseball) team from winning
having a point
direct and obvious in meaning or reference; often unpleasant; "a pointed critique"; "a pointed allusion to what was going on"; "another pointed look in their direction"
Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(針・鉛筆・剣などの)『とがった先』,(…の)先端《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉岬(みさき) / 〈C〉(小数点・句読点などの)点 / 〈C〉(図形上の)点 / 〈C〉(ある特定の)『地点』(spot),場所(place) / 〈C〉(計器の目盛りなどの)『点』,『度』 / 〈C〉時点,瞬間 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(物語・議論などの)『要点』,核心《+『of』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『目的』,『意義』,ねらっている点《+『of』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉(全体の中の)個々の項目,細目(item),細部(detail) / 〈C〉特徴(characteristic),特質(trait) / 〈C〉(競技・学校の成績などの)得点 / 〈C〉ポイント(活字の大きさの単位;約1/72インチの大きさ) / (…に)〈銃・指など〉‘を'『向ける』《+『名』+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』》 / …‘に'『指し示す』《point+名+to+名…に…をさし示す》 / …‘の'先をとがらせる,‘に'先を付ける / …‘に'点を打つ;…‘に'小数点を付ける;…‘に'句読点を付ける / 〈猟犬が〉〈獲物〉‘を'指し示す / (…を)(指などで)『示す』,指し示す《+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈猟犬が〉獲物の位置を示す
(紙が)『白紙の』;(欄が)空白の,書き入れていない / がらんとした,からの(empty);なんの装飾もない / 『ぼんやりした』,うつろな,無関心な / 全くの / 『空白』,空所 / 書き込み用紙(form) / 空虚;空(くう)の部分 / (語句・文学を伏せる場所に用いる)ダッシュ“‐":Mr-某氏 / (またblank cartridge)(銑火器の)空包 / …'を'消す,削除する《+『名』+『out,』+『out』+『名』》 / 《米》〈相手〉‘に'試合で得点させない
『先のとがった』,鋭い / (皮肉など)痛烈な,しんらつな / (ある目標に)向けられた,(はっきりと特定の人に)向けられた,当てこすりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/24 19:03:47」(JST)

wiki en

Point-blank range is any distance over which the trajectory of a given projectile fired from a given weapon remains sufficiently flat that one can strike a target by firing at it directly. Point-blank range will vary by a weapon's external ballistics characteristics and target chosen. A weapon with a flatter trajectory will permit a longer maximum point-blank range for a given target size, while a larger target will allow a longer point-blank range for a given weapon.^[1]

In forensics and popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean extremely close "can't miss" range with a firearm, within four feet of its muzzle at moment of discharge yet not close enough to be a contact shot.^[1]

History

The term point-blank range is of French origin, deriving from pointé à blanc, "pointed at the target", with the word blanc used to describe a small white aiming spot formerly at the center of shooting targets. Today, point-blank range denotes the distance a marksman can expect to fire a specific weapon and hit a desired target without adjusting its fixed sights. If a weapon is sighted correctly and ammunition reliable, the same spot should be hit every time at point-blank range.

The term originated with the techniques used to aim muzzle-loading cannon. Their barrels tapered from muzzle to breech, so that when the top of the cannon was held horizontal its bore actually sat at an elevated angle. During firing, recoil caused the gun's muzzle to elevate slightly, resulting in an upward movement of the shot. This caused the projectile to rise above the natural line of sight shortly after leaving the muzzle, then drop below it after the apex of its slightly parabolic trajectory was reached.^[2]

By repeatedly firing a given projectile with the same charge, the point where the shot fell below the bottom of the bore could be measured. This distance was considered the point-blank range: any target within it required the gun to be depressed; any beyond it required elevation, up to the angle of greatest range at somewhat before 45 degrees.^[2]

Various cannon of the 19th century had point-blank ranges from 250 yards (12 lb howitzer, 0.595 lb (0.270 kg) powder charge) to nearly 1075 yards (30 lb carronade, solid shot, 3.53 lb (1.60 kg) powder charge).^[2]

Small arms

Maximum point blank range

Torso Lethal Shot Placement rectangles of 450 × 225 mm (17.7 × 8.85 in) superimposed over silhouetted soldiers. The point-blank lethal zone of a military target is center mass between the waist and the chest.

Small arms are often sighted in so that their sight line and bullet path are within a certain acceptable margin out to the longest possible range, called the maximum point-blank range. Maximum point-blank range is principally a function of a cartridge's external ballistics and target size: high-velocity rounds have long point-blank ranges, while slow rounds have much shorter point-blank ranges. Target size determines how far above and below the line of sight a projectile's trajectory may deviate. Other considerations include sight height and acceptable drop before a shot is ineffective.^[3]

Hunting

A large target, like the vitals area of a deer, allows a deviation of a few inches (as much as 10 cm) while still ensuring a quickly disabling hit. Vermin such as prairie dogs require a much smaller deviation, less than an inch (about 2 cm).^[4] The height of the sights has two effects on point blank range. If the sights are lower than the allowable deviation, then point blank range starts at the muzzle, and any difference between the sight height and the allowable deviation is lost distance that could have been in point blank range. Higher sights, up to the maximum allowable deviation, push the maximum point blank range further from the gun. Sights that are higher than the maximum allowable deviation push the start of the point blank range farther out from the muzzle; this is common with varmint rifles, where close shots are only sometimes made, as it places the point blank range out to the expected range of the usual targets.

Military

Known also as Battle Zero, maximum point-blank range is crucial in the military. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing their weapon's sights on the center of mass of the enemy target. Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier.

The current trend for elevated sights and higher-velocity cartridges in assault rifles is in part due to a desire to extend the maximum point-blank range, which makes the rifle easier to use.^[5]^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Definition for "point blank range"". MidwayUSA. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Unknown (1848). Instruction Upon the Art of Pointing Cannon. J. and G.S. Gideon.
^ "Point Blank Range". exteriorballistics.com. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
^ "Point Blank Range". Load From A Disk. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
^ "An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle". Retrieved 2007-09-11.
^ "TM 9-1005-319-10 (2010) - Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56 MM, M16A2/M16A3/M4 (Battlesight Zero pages 48-55)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-03.

References

Nosworthy, Brent. marconibrenner. Constable and Co. Ltd, 1995 ISBN 0-09-477240-1

External links

Tables for Cannon & Artillery Projectiles used in the American Civil War (includes point blank ranges).

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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PMID 27321291

Bone-patch type secondary projectiles: A report on two shots fired at point-blank range using hollow point bullets.

Malbranque S1, Jousset N2, Nedelcu C3, Rougé-Maillart C4.
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[Management of suicidal orbital gunshot wounds to the temple].

Schargus M1, Kawa D, Elling M, Kunkel M.
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BACKGROUND: Orbital gunshot wounds are rarely found after suicide. A gunshot fired at point blank range into the temple has devastating effects on all intraorbital and neighboring structures.CASE REPORTS: This article reports on two cases of gunshot wounds to the lateral orbit in attempted suicides
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Investigation of pitch and angle in the gradual-triangle lenticular lens for point-blank LED fog lamp.

Chen HC, Yang CH.
Applied optics.Appl Opt.2014 May 10;53(14):3110-8. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.003110.
The effects of different pitch and angle of gradual-triangle lenticular lens for the point-blank LED fog lamp were investigated under the standard of ECE R19. The novel LED fog lamp was assembled from a point-blank LED light source, a parabolic reflector, and a gradual-triangle lenticular lens. Ligh
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Japanese Journal

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… Next, the distance from the camera to the work place is determined according to the distance resolution of image on the monitor, and the camera type of which the point-blank range is not this distance is selected. …
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