生理学、生理、生理機能

関: physiol、physiological、physiological function、physiological science

WordNet

processes and functions of an organism
the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms
of or relating to the biological study of physiology; "physiological psychology"; "Pavlovs physiological theories"
the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system

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生理学 / 生理,機能
生理学上の;生理的な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/29 21:12:14」(JST)

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The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1487. It is often associated with the science of physiology.

Physiology (/ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study of"^[1]) is the scientific study of function in living systems.^[2] A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.^[3] Given the size of the field it is divided into, among others: human physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (see microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, viral physiology.^[3]

The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

History

Physiological studies date back to Egypt alongside anatomical studies but did not utilize dissections and vivisection.^[4] The study of human physiology as a medical field dates back to at least 420 BC to the time of Hippocrates, also known as the father of medicine.^[5] The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126–199 AD), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.^[6]

Jean Fernel, a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525.

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon.^{[clarification needed]}

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.^[7] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.^[8]

Subdisciplines

There are many ways to categorize the subdiscplines of physiology:^[9]

based on the taxa studied: human physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, microbial physiology, viral physiology
based on the level of organization: cell physiology, molecular physiology, systems physiology, organismal physiology, ecological physiology, integrative physiology
based on the process that causes physiological variation: developmental physiology, environmental physiology, evolutionary physiology
based on the ultimate goals of the research: applied physiology (e.g., medical physiology), non-applied (e.g., comparative physiology)

Human physiology

Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning,^[3] through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.^{[citation needed]}

Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is the study of function and is closely related to anatomy which is the study of form. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "physiology". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Prosser, C. Ladd (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 1–12. ISBN 0-471-85767-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
^ http://books.google.com/books?id=LKdC0fDmnT4C&pg=PA43&dq=ancient+egyptian+medicine++physiology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1UKaU6OZCZenyASB5IKoBA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ancient%20egyptian%20medicine%20%20physiology&f=false
^ "Physiology". Science Clarified. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ Fell, C.; Pearson, F. (November 2007). "Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy". Thoracic Surgery Clinics 17 (4): 443–8. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001.
^ Feder, ME; Bennett, AF; WW, Burggren; Huey, RB (1987). New directions in ecological physiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34938-3.
^ Garland, Jr, Theodore; Carter, P. A. (1994). "Evolutionary physiology". Annual Review of Physiology 56 (56): 579–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051. PMID 8010752.
^ Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. Principles of Animal Physiology, second edition. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Boston, MA, 2008.

External links

Look up physiology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Physiological Society
physiologyINFO.org public information site sponsored by The American Physiological Society

Bibliography

Human physiology

Widmaier, E.P., Raff, H., Strang, K.T. Vander's Human Physiology. 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Animal physiology

Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. Animal Physiology, 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2012.
Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. Principles of Animal Physiology, second edition. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Boston, MA, 2008.
Randall, D., Burggren, W., and French, K. Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanism and Adaptation, 5th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Withers, P.C. Comparative animal physiology. Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.

Plant physiology

Larcher, W. Physiological plant ecology (4th ed.). Springer, 2001.
Salisbury, F.B, Ross, C.W. Plant physiology. Brooks/Cole Pub Co., 1992
Taiz, L., Zieger, E. Plant Physiology (5th ed.), Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer, 2010.

Fungi physiology

Griffin, D.H. Fungal Physiology, Second Edition. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1994.

Protist physiology

Levandowsky, M. Physiological Adaptations of Protists. In: Cell physiology sourcebook: essentials of membrane biophysics. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/AP, 2012.

Algae physiology

Lobban, C.S., Harrison, P.J. Seaweed ecology and physiology. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Stewart, W. D. P. (ed.). Algal Physiology and Biochemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1974.

Protozoa physiology

Levandowski, M., Hutner, S.H. (eds). Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa. Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Academic Press: New York, NY, 1979; 2nd ed.
Laybourn-Parry J. A Functional Biology of Free-Living Protozoa. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 1984.

Bacterial physiology

El-Sharoud, W. (ed.). Bacterial Physiology: A Molecular Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2008. ISBN 9783540749202
Kim, B.H., Gadd, M.G. Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism. Cambridge, 2008. ISBN 9780521712309
Moat, A.G., Foster, J.W., Spector, M.P. Microbial Physiology, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York, NY, 2002. ISBN 9780471461197

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English Journal

Biophysical evaluation of physiological effects of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) farming using FTIR spectroscopy.

Ceylan C, Tanrikul T, Ozgener H.Sourceİzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Food Engineering, Urla, İzmir, Turkey. Electronic address: cagatayceylan@iyte.edu.tr.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:1055-60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.111. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
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PMID 24128583

Effects of granulation on organic acid metabolism and its relation to mineral elements in Citrus grandis juice sacs.

Wang XY, Wang P, Qi YP, Zhou CP, Yang LT, Liao XY, Wang LQ, Zhu DH, Chen LS.SourceInstitute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:984-90. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
We investigated the effects of granulation on organic acid metabolism and its relation to mineral elements in 'Guanximiyou' pummelo (Citrus grandis) juice sacs. Granulated juice sacs had decreased concentrations of citrate and isocitrate, thus lowering juice sac acidity. By contrast, malate concentr
PMID 24128573

Mode of endosperm and wholemeal arabinoxylans solubilisation during rye breadmaking: Genotypic diversity in the level, substitution degree and macromolecular characteristics.

Cyran MR, Dynkowska WM.SourceDepartment of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland. Electronic address: m.cyran@ihar.edu.pl.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:356-64. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.093. Epub 2013 Jul 27.
Insight into solubilisation mechanisms of rye arabinoxylans during breadmaking is important for understanding the biochemical processes that affect bread attributes. Purified ethanol precipitated water-extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AX) and residual unextractable counterparts (WU-AX) were isolated fr
PMID 24128489

Structural and functional properties of alkali-treated high-amylose rice starch.

Cai J, Yang Y, Man J, Huang J, Wang Z, Zhang C, Gu M, Liu Q, Wei C.SourceKey Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province, Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:245-53. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.059. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
Native starches were isolated from mature grains of high-amylose transgenic rice TRS and its wild-type rice TQ and treated with 0.1% and 0.4% NaOH for 7 and 14days at 35°C. Alkali-treated starches were characterised for structural and functional properties using various physical methods. The 0.1% N
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Japanese Journal

Wing (Ib) cells in frog taste discs detect dietary unsaturated fatty acids

Okada Yukio,Miyazaki Toshihiro,Fujiyama Rie,Toda Kazuo
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on membrane properties were studied using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recording of isolated wing (Ib) cells in bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) taste d …
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Modeling of Rifampicin-Induced CYP3A4 Activation Dynamics for the Prediction of Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions from In Vitro Data.

Yamashita Fumiyoshi,Sasa Yukako,Yoshida Shuya,Hisaka Akihiro,Asai Yoshiyuki,Kitano Hiroaki,Hashida Mitsuru,Suzuki Hiroshi
PloS one 8(9), 2013-09-24
… This dynamic PBPK-based DDI model was implemented on a new multi-hierarchical physiology simulation platform named PhysioDesigner. …
NAID 120005343920

大腸菌アンモニア同化制御機構のダイナミックモデルの構築

前田和勲 ,FredC.Boogerd ,FrankJ.Bruggeman ,HansV.Westerhoff ,倉田博之
情報処理学会研究報告. BIO, バイオ情報学 2013-BIO-35(7), 1-6, 2013-09-12
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NAID 110009605329

Characterization of an α-glucosidase, HdAgl, from the digestive fluid of Haliotis discus hannai

Satoh Takuya,Inoue Akira,Ojima Takao
Comparative biochemistry and physiology
Previously, we isolated two alpha-amylase isozymes, HdAmy58 and HdAmy82, from the digestive fluid of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Kumagai et al., 2013, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 164, 8 …
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