neurophysiologic

• 神経生理学の

関

neurophysiological、neurophysiology

WordNet

1. the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system
2. of or concerned with neurophysiology

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/15 05:55:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system. The primary tools of basic neurophysiological research include electrophysiological recordings, such as patch clamp, voltage clamp, extracellular single-unit recording and recording of local field potentials, as well as some of the methods of calcium imaging, optogenetics, and molecular biology.

Neurophysiology is connected with electrophysiology, neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science, biophysics, mathematical biology, and other brain sciences.

History

Neurophysiology has been a subject of study since as early as 4,000 B.C.

In the early B.C. years, most studies were of different natural sedatives like alcohol and poppy plants. In 1700 B.C., the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus was written. This papyrus was crucial in understanding how the ancient Egyptians understood the nervous system. This papyrus looked at different case studies about injuries to different parts of the body, most notably the head. Beginning around 460 B.C., Hippocrates began to study epilepsy, and theorized that it had its origins in the brain. Hippocrates also theorized that the brain was involved in sensation, and that it was where intelligence was derived from. Hippocrates, as well as most ancient Greeks, believed that relaxation and a stress free environment was crucial in helping treat neurological disorders. In 280 B.C., Erasistratus of Chios theorized that there were divisions in the vestibular processing the brain, as well as deducing from observation that sensation was located there.

In 177 Galen theorized that human thought occurred in the brain, as opposed to the heart as Aristotle had theorized. The optic chiasm, which is crucial to the visual system, was discovered around 100 C.E. by Marinus. Circa 1000, Al-Zahrawi, living in Spain, began to write about different surgical treatments for neurological disorders. In 1216, the first anatomy textbook in Europe, which included a description of the brain, was written by Mondino de’Luzzi. In 1402, St Mary of Bethlehem Hospital (later known as Bedlam in Britain) was the first hospital used exclusively for the mentally ill.

In 1504, Leonardo da Vinci continued his study of the human body with a wax cast of the human ventricle system. In 1536, Nicolo Massa described the effects of different diseases, such as syphilis on the nervous system. He also noticed that the ventricular cavities were filled with cerebrospinal fluid. In 1542, the term physiology was used for the first time by a French physician named Jean Fernal, to explain bodily function in relation to the brain. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius wrote On the Workings of the Human Body, which revolutionized the study of anatomy. In this book, he described the pineal gland and what he believed the function was, and was able to draw the corpus striatum which is made up of the basal ganglia and the internal capsule. In 1549, Jason Pratensis published De Cerebri Morbis. This book was devoted to neurological diseases, and discussed symptoms, as well as ideas from Galen and other Greek, Roman and Arabic authors. It also looked into the anatomy and specific functions of different areas. In 1550, Andreas Vesalius worked on a case of hydrocephalus, or fluid filling the brain. In the same year, Bartolomeo Eustachio studied the optic nerves, mainly focusing on their origins in the brain. In 1564, Giulio Cesare Aranzio discovered the hippocampus, naming it such due to its shape resemblance to a sea horse.

In 1621, Robert Burton published The Anatomy of Melancholy, which looked at the loss of important characters in one's life as leading to depression. In 1649, René Descartes studied the pineal gland. He mistakenly believed that it was the "soul" of the brain, and believed it was where thoughts formed. In 1658, Johann Jakob Wepfer studied a patient in which he believed that a broken blood vessel had caused apoplexy, or a stroke.

In 1749, David Hartley published Observations of Man, which focused on frame (neurology), duty (moral psychology) and expectations (spirituality) and how these integrated within one another. This text was also the first to use the English term "psychology". In 1752, the Society of Friends created an asylum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This asylum was intended to give not only medical treatment to those mentally ill individuals, but also to provide them with caretakers and comfortable living conditions. In 1755, J.B. Le Roy began using electroconvulsive therapy for the mentally ill, a treatment still used today in specific cases. In 1760, Arne-Charles studied how different lesions in the cerebellum could affect motor movements. In 1776, M.V.G. Malacarne studied the cerebellum intensely, and published a book solely based on its function and appearance.

In 1784, Félix Vicq-d'Azyr, discovered a black colored structure in the midbrain. In 1791 Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring alluded to this structure, calling it the substantia nigra. In 1808, Franz Joseph Gall studied and published work on phrenology. Phrenology was the faulty science of looking at head shape to determine different aspects of personality and brain function. In 1811, Julien Jean Legallois studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the medulla oblongata. In the same year, Charles Bell finished work on what would later become known as the Bell-Magendie law, which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. In 1822, Friedrich Burdach distinguished between the lateral and medial geniculate bodies, as well as named the cingular gyrus. In 1824, F. Magendie studied and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum’s role in equilibration to complete the Bell-Magendie law. In 1838, Theodor Schwann began studying white and grey matter in the brain, and discovered the myelin sheath. These cells, which cover the axons of the neurons in the brain, are named Schwann cells after him. In 1848, Phineas Gage, the classical neurophysiology patient, had his brain pierced by an iron tamping rod in a blasting accident. He became an excellent case study in the connection between the prefrontal cortex and behavior, decision making and consequences. In 1849, Hermann von Helmholtz studied the speed of frog nerve impulses while studying electricity in the body.

While these are certainly not all the developments in neurophysiology before 1849, these developments were significant to the study of the brain and body.

See also

• Brain
• Neuroscience
• Neural coding
• Neurology

References

Sources

• Fye WB (October 1995). "Julien Jean César Legallois". Clinical Cardiology 18 (10): 599–600. doi:10.1002/clc.4960181015. PMID 8785909. 

• "NEUROSURGERY://ON-CALL®". Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Gallistel, C. R. "Bell, Magendie and the Proposals to Restrict the Use of Animals in Neurobehavioral Research" (PDF). Ruccs.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "History of Biology 1800-1849". Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "History of Neuroscience.". University of Washington. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Duque-Parra JE (September 2004). "Perspective on the vestibular cortex throughout history". Anatomical Record. Part B, New Anatomist 280 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1002/ar.b.20031. PMID 15382110. 

• "Article Number: EONS : 0736 : Cerebellum" (PDF). Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "David Hartley". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Frank, Leonard R. (2006). "The Electroshock Quotationary" (PDF). Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Pearce JM (April 1997). "Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-95) and cerebral haemorrhage". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 62 (4): 387. doi:10.1136/jnnp.62.4.387. PMC 1074098. PMID 9120455. 

• Origins of Neuroscience. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Waln, Robert. "An Account of the Asylum for the Insane, Established by the Society of Friends, near Frankford, in the Vicinity of Philadelphia.". Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "Anatomy Words". Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "Andreas Vesalius and Modern Human Anatomy". Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Pestronk A (March 1988). "The first neurology book. De Cerebri Morbis...(1549) by Jason Pratensis". Archives of Neurology 45 (3): 341–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520270123032. PMID 3277602. 

• "Descartes and the Pineal Gland". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• McCaffrey, Patrick. "Chapter 5. The Corpus Striatum, Rhinencephalon, Connecting Fibers, and Diencephalon". CMSD 620 Neuroanatomy of Speech, Swallowing and Language. The Neuroscience on the Web Series. CSU. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Brink A (December 1979). "Depression and loss: a theme in Robert Burton's 'Anatomy of melancholy' (1621)". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 24 (8): 767–72. PMID 391384. 

• "Al-Zahrawi - Father of Surgery.". Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "Andreas Vesalius". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• Jeffery G (October 2001). "Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development". Physiological Reviews 81 (4): 1393–414. PMID 11581492. 

• "Mondino De'Luzzi.". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

• "A History of the Brain". Stanford University. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 乳房切除後疼痛症候群の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of postmastectomy pain syndrome
• 2. 成人における選択的脊椎手術のための麻酔 anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults
• 3. 神経伝導検査：応答遅延 nerve conduction studies late responses
• 4. 脊髄および後根神経節に影響を与える腫瘍随伴性症候群 paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia
• 5. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies

English Journal

• AZD6280, a Novel Partial γ-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor Modulator, Demonstrates a Pharmacodynamically Selective Effect Profile in Healthy Male Volunteers.

• Chen X1, Jacobs G, de Kam ML, Jaeger J, Lappalainen J, Maruff P, Smith MA, Cross AJ, Cohen A, Gerven Jv.
• Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.J Clin Psychopharmacol.2015 Feb;35(1):22-33. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000251.
• OBJECTIVE: AZD6280 is a novel γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor modulator with higher in vitro efficacy at the α2,3 subtypes as compared to the α1 and α5 subtypes. This study compared the pharmacodynamic effects of single oral dose AZD6280 10 mg and 40 mg on the central nervous system with 2 mg of
• PMID 25493397

• Psychogenic Movement Disorders.

• Thenganatt MA1, Jankovic J2.
• Neurologic clinics.Neurol Clin.2015 Feb;33(1):205-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.013.
• Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) can present with varied phenomenology that may resemble organic movement disorders. The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation with a supporting history and classic features on neurologic examination. Ancillary testing, such as imaging and neurophysiologic st
• PMID 25432730

• Anoxia-induced changes in optimal substrate for peripheral nerve.

• Stecker MM1, Stevenson MR2.
• Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jan 22;284:653-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.048. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
• Hyperglycemia accentuates the injury produced by anoxia both in the central and peripheral nervous system. To understand whether this is a consequence of changes in metabolic pathways produced by anoxia, the effect of the metabolic substrate used by the rat peripheral nerve on the nerve action poten
• PMID 25451283

Japanese Journal

• 脊椎脊髄手術における電気生理学的モニタリング(<特集>脊椎脊髄外科のトピックス)

• 武田 正明,水野 順一,平野 仁崇,冨井 雅人,松島 忠夫,渡邉 一夫,森重 水貴,山口 智,栗栖 薫
• 脳神経外科ジャーナル 21(2), 103-110, 2012-02-20
• 脊椎脊髄手術は機能的手術であり,脳神経外科手術の中でも脊椎脊髄手術における術中モニタリングの必要性は特に高い.通常,運動誘発電位(MEP),体性感覚誘発電位(SEP)を基本とし,症例に応じてさまざまなモニタリングが追加される.経頭蓋刺激MEPは簡便で有用な方法であるが,筋弛緩剤の影響を受けやすいといった問題点も有している.われわれは,正中神経由来の複合筋活動電位(CMAP)を用いて筋弛緩剤の影響を …
• NAID 110009328131

• 神経筋伝導と興奮収縮連関の電気生理学 (特集 神経筋接合部--基礎から臨床まで)

• 桑原 聡
• Brain and nerve 63(7), 713-717, 2011-07
• NAID 40018922078

• デクスメデトミジンの急性期・周術期使用

• 原 直樹
• 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 = The Journal of Japan Society for Clinical Anesthesia 30(2), 216-223, 2010-03-15
• NAID 10026353118

Related Links

• Neurophysiologic.com - Intraperative Monitoring IOM

Home IOM About Contact Neurophysiologic, Inc. is a provider of intraoperative monitoring (IOM). Intraoperative monitoring reduces the risk of neurological deficit during surgery. Ask your doctor if your surgery will have neuromonitoring. ...

• Neurophysiologic | Define Neurophysiologic at Dictionary.com

Neurophysiologic definition, the branch of physiology dealing with the functions of the nervous system. See more. Thesaurus Translator Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「神経生理学」「neurophysiology」
拡張検索	「neurophysiological」

「神経生理学」

　　[★]

英

neurophysiology、neurophysiological、neurophysiologic

関

神経生理学的、神経生理

同

neurophysiology

「neurophysiology」

　　[★]

• 神経生理学、神経生理

関

neurophysiologic、neurophysiological

同

神経生理学

　

「neurophysiological」

　　[★]

• 神経生理学的な、神経生理学の、神経生理の

関

neurophysiologic、neurophysiology