WordNet

of or consistent with an organisms normal functioning; "physiologic functions"; "physiological processes" (同)physiological
of or relating to the biological study of physiology; "physiological psychology"; "Pavlovs physiological theories"
of or relating to physiological processes; with respect to physiology; "physiologically ready"; "physiologically addicted"
a sphincter that is not recognizable at autopsy because its resting arrangement cannot be distinguished from adjacent tissue

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生理学上の;生理的な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/05 05:46:48」(JST)

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The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci c. 1487. It is one commonly associated with the science of physiology

Physiology (pron.: /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and –λογία (–logia), meaning "study of") is the scientific study of function in living systems.^[1] This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

History

The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420 BC and the time of Hippocrates,also known as the father of medicine.^[2] The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126–199 AD), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.^[3]

Jean Fernel, a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525.

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945).^{[clarification needed]}

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.^[4] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.^[5]

The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals.

Human physiology

Main article: Human physiology

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

References

^ Prosser, C. Ladd (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 1–12. ISBN 0-471-85767-X.
^ "Physiology". Science Clarified. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ Fell, C.; Griffith Pearson, F. (November 2007). "Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy". Thoracic Surgery Clinics 17 (4): 443–8. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001.
^ Feder, ME; Bennett, AF; WW, Burggren; Huey, RB (1987). New directions in ecological physiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34938-3.
^ Garland, Jr, Theodore; Carter, P. A. (1994). "Evolutionary physiology". Annual Review of Physiology 56 (56): 579–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051. PMID 8010752.

External links

Look up physiology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Physiological Society
physiologyINFO.org public information site sponsored by The American Physiological Society

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 洞不全症候群の治療 treatment of the sick sinus syndrome
2. 心臓ペーシングのモード：名称および選択 modes of cardiac pacing nomenclature and selection
3. 心房細動予防におけるペースメーカーの役割 the role of pacemakers in the prevention of atrial fibrillation
4. 包皮非切除者の陰茎のケア care of the uncircumcised penis
5. 付属器腫瘤の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of the adnexal mass

English Journal

G protein-coupled receptors and adipogenesis: a focus on adenosine receptors.

Eisenstein A, Ravid K.Author information Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.AbstractG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that coordinate extracellular signals to produce physiologic outcomes. Adenosine receptors (AR) are one class of GPCRs that have been shown to regulate functions as diverse as inflammation, blood flow, and cellular differentiation. Adenosine signals through four GPCRs that either inhibit (A1AR and A3AR) or activate (A2aAR and A2bAR) adenylyl cyclase. This review will focus on the role of GPCRs, and in particular, adenosine receptors, in adipogenesis. Preadipocytes differentiate to mature adipocytes as the adipose tissue expands to compensate for the consumption of excess nutrients. These newly generated adipocytes contribute to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Understanding the key drivers of this differentiation process can aid the development of therapeutics to combat the growing obesity epidemic and associated metabolic consequences. Although much literature has covered the transcriptional events that culminate in the formation of an adipocyte, less focus has been on receptor-mediated extracellular signals that direct this process. This review will highlight GPCRs and their downstream messengers as significant players controlling adipocyte differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 414-421, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Apr;229(4):414-21. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24473.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that coordinate extracellular signals to produce physiologic outcomes. Adenosine receptors (AR) are one class of GPCRs that have been shown to regulate functions as diverse as inflammation, blood flow, and cellular differentiation. A
PMID 24114647

Positron emission tomography imaging of 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in Parkinson's disease.

Varrone A1, Svenningsson P2, Forsberg A3, Varnäs K3, Tiger M3, Nakao R3, Halldin C4, Nilsson LG5, Farde L6.Author information 1Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: andrea.varrone@ki.se.2Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.3Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden.4Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.5Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.6Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.AbstractImpairment of the central serotonin system in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been shown postmortem and in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of this PET study was to examine and compare the availability of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1B-receptor subtype in patients with PD and age-matched control subjects. Twelve control subjects and 12 PD patients were examined with PET using the 5-HT1B-radioligand [(11)C]AZ10419369. In PD patients, 5-HT1B-receptor availability in the right orbitofrontal cortex was lower than in control subjects. A statistically significant negative correlation between 5-HT1B-receptor availability and age was obtained for the right temporal cortex in control subjects and for the right midbrain and left parahippocampal gyrus in PD patients. The lower regional 5-HT1B-receptor availability is in line with previous studies showing a decrease of serotonin imaging markers in PD and corroborates a role of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of PD. The demonstrated age effect on 5-HT1B receptors suggest a physiologic and PD-related decline of serotonin function, indicating the importance of controlling for age in clinical studies.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Apr;35(4):867-75. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.025. Epub 2013 Oct 12.
Impairment of the central serotonin system in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been shown postmortem and in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of this PET study was to examine and compare the availability of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1B-receptor subtype in patients with PD and ag
PMID 24126162

Thermally targeted p21 peptide enhances bortezomib cytotoxicity in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines.

Mikecin AM, Walker LR, Kuna M, Raucher D.Author information aDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA bDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.AbstractProstate cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in men. Besides surgical resection, treatments for prostate cancer include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Advancement of prostate cancer to an androgen-independent state limits the potential of conventional therapeutic approaches. Bortezomib, an FDA-approved proteosomal inhibitor for the treatment of myeloid leukemia, has been shown to have a positive effect on the inhibition of prostate cancer growth. Unfortunately, bortezomib has a very narrow therapeutic window, which can lead to severe side effects. Elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) is a genetically engineered, thermally responsive macromolecular carrier that enables a targeted delivery of the bound molecule because of its soluble property under normal physiologic conditions. In addition, ELP aggregates in response to mild hyperthermia. Using ELP as a carrier, it is possible to improve the pharmacological properties of the therapeutic drug as well as reduce toxicity in normal tissues. In this work, we have investigated the combination treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells with bortezomib and the C-terminal part of the p21 protein bound to the ELP carrier. We have found that combination treatment with bortezomib and ELP-bound p21 protein leads to increased cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis with respect to single treatments. We believe that this approach represents a promising direction for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Anti-cancer drugs.Anticancer Drugs.2014 Feb;25(2):189-99. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000036.
Prostate cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in men. Besides surgical resection, treatments for prostate cancer include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Advancement of prostate cancer to an androgen-independent state limits the potential of conventional therapeuti
PMID 24113592

Japanese Journal

特別講演 X線動画イメージングの開発から臨床応用まで (医用画像)

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 116(393), 33-36, 2017-01-18
NAID 40021098920

High-Resolution Magic-Angle Spinning-<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Spectroscopy-Based Metabolic Profiling of Hippocampal Tissue in Rats with Depression-Like Symptoms

Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　＆　Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌ　Ｂｕｌｌｅｔｉｎ 40(6), 789-796, 2017
NAID 130005688047

上腹部臓器のCT/MRI ―コンピューター支援診断への期待―

Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ　Ｉｍａｇｉｎｇ　Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ 35(3), 146-151, 2017
NAID 130005680917

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