関: entomophthoramycosis、zygomycosis

WordNet

any fungal infection caused by fungi of the Phycomycetes group

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/02 06:06:58」(JST)

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Zygomycosis is the broadest term to refer to infections caused by bread mold fungi of the zygomycota phylum. However, because zygomycota has been identified as polyphyletic, and is not included in modern fungal classification systems, the diseases that zygomycosis can refer to are better called by their specific names: mucormycosis^[1] (after Mucorales), phycomycosis^[2] (after Phycomycetes) and basidiobolomycosis (after Basidiobolus).^[3] These rare yet serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infections usually affect the face or oropharyngeal (nose and mouth) cavity.^[4] Zygomycosis type infections are most often caused by common fungi found in soil and decaying vegetation. While most individuals are exposed to the fungi on a regular basis, those with immune disorders (immunocompromised) are more prone to fungal infection.^[2]^[5]^[6] These types of infections are also common after natural disasters, such as tornadoes or earthquakes, where people have open wounds that have become filled with soil or vegetative matter.^[7]

The condition may affect the gastrointestinal tract or the skin. In non-trauma cases, it usually begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses and is one of the most rapidly spreading fungal infections in humans.^[2] Common symptoms include thrombosis and tissue necrosis.^[8] Treatment consists of prompt and intensive antifungal drug therapy and surgery to remove the infected tissue.^[9]^[10] The prognosis varies vastly depending upon an individual patient's circumstances.^[8]

Causes

Micrograph showing a zygomycetes infection.

Pathogenic Zygomycosis is caused by species in two orders: Mucorales or Entomophthorales, with the former causing far more disease than the latter.^[11] These diseases are known as "mucormycosis" and "entomophthoramycosis", respectively.^[12]

Order Mucorales (mucormycosis)
- Family Mucoraceae
  - Absidia (Absidia corymbifera)
  - Apophysomyces (Apophysomyces elegans and Apophysomyces trapeziformis)
  - Mucor (Mucor indicus)
  - Rhizomucor (Rhizomucor pusillus)
  - Rhizopus (Rhizopus oryzae)
- Family Cunninghamellaceae
  - Cunninghamella (Cunninghamella bertholletiae)
- Family Thamnidiaceae
  - Cokeromyces (Cokeromyces recurvatus)
- Family Saksenaeaceae
  - Saksenaea (Saksenaea vasiformis)
- Family Syncephalastraceae
  - Syncephalastrum (Syncephalastrum racemosum)
Order Entomophthorales (entomophthoramycosis)
- Family Basidiobolaceae
  - Basidiobolus (Basidiobolus ranarum)
- Family Ancylistaceae
  - Conidiobolus (Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus)

Oomycosis in animals

The term oomycosis is used to describe oomycete infections.^[13] These are more common in animals, notably dogs and horses. These are heterokonts, not true fungi. Types include pythiosis (caused by Pythium insidiosum) and lagenidiosis.

Zygomycosis has been described in a cat, where fungal infection of the tracheobronchus led to respiratory disease requiring euthanasia.^[14]

Zygomycosis in natural disasters

Zygomycosis has been found in survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and in survivors of 2011 Joplin, Missouri tornado.^[15]

References

^ Toro, Carlos; del Palacio, Amalia; Álvarez, Carmen; Rodríguez-Peralto, José Luis; Carabias, Esperanza; Cuétara, Soledad; Carpintero, Yolanda; Gómez, César (1998). "Zigomicosis cutánea por Rhizopus arrhizus en herida quirúrgica" [Cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus in a surgical wound]. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología (in Spanish) 15 (2): 94–6. PMID 17655419.
^ ^a ^b ^c Auluck, Ajit (2007). "Maxillary necrosis by mucormycosis. a case report and literature review" (PDF). Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 12 (5): E360–4. PMID 17767099.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). "Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis — Arizona, 1994–1999". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48 (32): 710–3. PMID 21033182.
^ Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, MD MPH. "Mucormycosis". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Mucormycosis". Retrieved 2008-05-19.
^ Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3. ^{[page needed]}
^ Draper, Bill; Suhr, Jim (June 11, 2011). "Survivors of Joplin tornado develop rare infection". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Associated Press.
^ ^a ^b Spellberg, B.; Edwards, J.; Ibrahim, A. (2005). "Novel Perspectives on Mucormycosis: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Management". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18 (3): 556–69. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005. PMC 1195964. PMID 16020690.
^ Spellberg, Brad; Walsh, Thomas J.; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.; Edwards, Jr.; Ibrahim, Ashraf S. (2009). "Recent Advances in the Management of Mucormycosis: From Bench to Bedside". Clinical Infectious Diseases 48 (12): 1743–51. doi:10.1086/599105. PMC 2809216. PMID 19435437.
^ Grooters, A (2003). "Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals". Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 33 (4): 695. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00034-2. PMID 12910739.
^ Ribes, J. A.; Vanover-Sams, C. L.; Baker, D. J. (2000). "Zygomycetes in Human Disease". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (2): 236–301. doi:10.1128/CMR.13.2.236-301.2000. PMC 100153. PMID 10756000.
^ Prabhu, R. M.; Patel, R. (2004). "Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 10: 31–47. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00843.x. PMID 14748801.
^ "Merck Veterinary Manual". Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ Snyder, Katherine D.; Spaulding, Kathy; Edwards, John (2010). "Imaging diagnosis—tracheobronchial zygomycosis in a cat". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51 (6): 617–20. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01720.x. PMID 21158233.
^ Joplin toll rises to 151; some suffer from fungus

English Journal

Mortality From Fungal Diseases in the US Air Force From 1970 to 2013.

Kugblenu RK1, Reeves WK.
U.S. Army Medical Department journal.US Army Med Dep J.2016 Oct-Dec;(3-16):38-41.
We review a unique set of documents, death certificates, catalogued in the US Air Force Mortality Registry, which tracks deaths for current and retired Air Force service members. We screened the records for all deaths caused by fungal diseases between 1970 and 2013. There were 216 deaths caused by a
PMID 27613208

Breaking the Mold: A Review of Mucormycosis and Current Pharmacological Treatment Options.

Riley TT1, Muzny CA2, Swiatlo E3, Legendre DP4.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy.Ann Pharmacother.2016 Sep;50(9):747-57. doi: 10.1177/1060028016655425. Epub 2016 Jun 15.
OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature for the pathogenesis of mucormycosis, discuss diagnostic strategies, and evaluate the efficacy of polyenes, triazoles, and echinocandins as pharmacological treatment options.DATA SOURCES: An electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed using the ME
PMID 27307416

[Clinical analyses of the diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: report of 14 cases].

Shi GG1, Shi L1, Zhang ZY1, Wan YZ1, Li B1, Yu L1, Zhang EP1, Ju HS1, He MQ1, Ji HZ1.
Zhonghua er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery.Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi.2016 Aug 7;51(8):561-7. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2016.08.001.
OBJECTIVE: Through the retrospective analysis of the clinical data in 14 cases of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS), the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of this disease were evaluated.METHODS: Fourteen clinically confirmed cases of IFRS since January 2008 to October 2015 were e
PMID 27625123

Japanese Journal

Nasofacial Phycomycosis : Persistence Pays

MOORE Mark Harold,MURPHY Dan,JAMES Craig
The Journal of craniofacial surgery 18(2), 448-450, 2007-03-01
NAID 10019313844

Rare complications for aortitis syndrome.

樗木等,伊藤翼,夏秋正文,桜井淳一,湊直樹,上野哲哉,須田久雄
日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌 18(6), 799-803, 1989
… Rare complications-1) Sarcoidosis, 2) Amyloidosis, 3) Phycomycosis-following surgical therapy for aortitis syndrome are reported. … Phycomycosis was diagnosed by necropsy in 49 y. …
NAID 130003627627

<no title>

杉山幸比古,和泉孝志,佐々木憲二,北村諭,高久史麿,山口和克
日本胸部疾患学会雑誌 22(3), 214-219, 1984
… We report three autopsied cases of generalized mucormycosis (phycomycosis) in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute exacerbation of chronic myelogenous leukemia, and acute myelogenous leukemia. …
NAID 130003449789

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ムコール症」「藻菌症」「entomophthoramycosis」

「ムコール症」

Mucormycosis
	Periorbital fungal infection known as mucormycosis, or phycomycosis
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	B46
ICD-9-CM	117.7
DiseasesDB	31329
MedlinePlus	000649
eMedicine	med/1513 med/2026 oph/225 ped/1488
MeSH	D020096
	[edit on Wikidata]