WordNet

commit a sin; violate a law of God or a moral law (同)transgress, trespass
violent and excited activity; "they began to fight like sin" (同)hell
estrangement from god (同)sinfulness, wickedness
an act that is regarded by theologians as a transgression of Gods will (同)sinning
the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull
adjacent to the nasal cavities; "paranasal sinus"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(宗教・道徳上の)『罪』 / 〈C〉(宗教・道徳上の)『罪の行為』,罪悪 / 〈C〉《特におどけて》違反(過失)の行為 / (宗教・道徳上の)おきてを破る,罪を犯す / (…に)違反(過失)をする,背く《+『against』+『名』》
sine
洞(どう)(骨や組織の中の穴・くぼみなど);静脈洞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/31 10:12:17」(JST)

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Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity.^[1] The maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes; the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes. The sinuses are named for the facial bones in which they are located.

Structure

Humans possess four paired paranasal sinuses, divided into subgroups that are named according to the bones within which the sinuses lie:

The maxillary sinuses, the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones (open in the back of the semilunar hiatus of the nose). It is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.^[2]
The frontal sinuses, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead. It is also innervated by the trigeminal nerve.^[2]
The ethmoidal sinuses, which are formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes. They are innervated by the ethmoidal nerves, which branch from the nasociliary nerve of the trigeminal nerve.
The sphenoidal sinuses, in the sphenoid bone. It is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.^[2]

The paranasal air sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium).

Development

Paranasal sinuses form developmentally through excavation of bone by air-filled sacs (pneumatic diverticula) from the nasal cavity. This process begins prenatally, and it continues through the course of an organism's lifetime.

The results of experimental studies suggest that the natural ventilation-rate of a sinus with a single sinus ostium (opening), is extremely slow. Such limited ventilation may be protective for the sinus, as it would help prevent drying of its mucosal surface and maintain a near-sterile environment with high nitric oxide concentrations and minimal pathogen access. Thus composition of gas content in the maxillary sinus is similar to venous blood, with high carbon dioxide and lower oxygen levels compared to breathing air.^[3]

Function

Lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses as seen in an X-ray image

The biological role of the sinuses is debated, but a number of possible functions have been proposed:

Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
Increasing resonance of the voice.
Providing a buffer against facial trauma.
Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures.
Immunological defense.

Clinical relevance

Inflammation

The paranasal sinuses are joined to the nasal cavity via small orifices called ostia. These become blocked easily by allergic inflammation, or by swelling in the nasal lining that occurs with a cold. If this happens, normal drainage of mucus within the sinuses is disrupted, and sinusitis may occur. Because the maxillary posterior teeth are close to the maxillary sinus, this can also cause clinical problems if any disease processes are present, such as an infection in any of these teeth. These clinical problems can include secondary sinusitis, the inflammation of the sinuses from another source such as an infection of the adjacent teeth.^[4]

These conditions may be treated with drugs such as decongestants, which cause vasoconstriction in the sinuses; reducing inflammation; by traditional techniques of nasal irrigation; or by corticosteroid.

Cancer

Malignancies of the paranasal sinuses comprise approximately 0.2% of all malignancies. About 80% of these malignancies arise in the maxillary sinus. Men are much more often affected than women. They most often occur in the age group between 40 and 70 years. Carcinomas are more frequent than sarcomas. Metastases are rare. Tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare.

History

Etymology

Sinus is a Latin word meaning a 'fold', 'curve', or 'bay'.

Other animals

Paranasal sinuses occur in many other animals, including most mammals, birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and crocodilians. The bones occupied by sinuses are quite variable in these other species.

Additional images

Paranasal sinuses

References

^ "Paranasal sinuses".
^ ^a ^b ^c "Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy". 2016-08-24.
^ http://jap.physiology.org/content/107/4/1195.long##
^ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 68

External links

Media related to Paranasal sinus at Wikimedia Commons

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: A Perplexing Clinical Entity.

Shah A1, Panjabi C2.
Allergy, asthma & immunology research.Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.2016 Jul;8(4):282-97. doi: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.4.282.
In susceptible individuals, inhalation of Aspergillus spores can affect the respiratory tract in many ways. These spores get trapped in the viscid sputum of asthmatic subjects which triggers a cascade of inflammatory reactions that can result in Aspergillus-induced asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary
PMID 27126721

Assessment of the effect of deviated nasal septum on the structure of nasal cavity.

Wang J1,2, Dou X3, Liu D1, Song P2, Qian X3, Wang S4,5, Gao X6,7.
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Head and neck solitary fibrous tumors: a rare and challenging entity.

Künzel J1, Hainz M2, Ziebart T3, Pitz S4, Ihler F5, Strieth S6, Matthias C6.
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Japanese Journal

アキシチニブの休薬スケジュールが有効であった腎細胞癌副鼻腔転移の1例

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NAID 120005853238

鼻づまりの客観的評価について

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NAID 120005746486

前頭洞に髄膜腫を認めた症例

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NAID 130005165912

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「副鼻腔」「sinonasal」「nasal sinus」
関連記事	「paranasal」

「副鼻腔」

Paranasal sinuses
	Paranasal sinuses seen in a frontal view
	Lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses
Details
Identifiers
Latin	sinus paranasales
MeSH	Paranasal+Sinuses
Dorlands; /Elsevier	Paranasal sinuses
TA	A06.1.03.0054
FMA	76587
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: paranasal sinus
ラ: sinus paranasalis, sinus paranasales
関: [[]]

副鼻腔

090108II

	上	下	内側	外側	前方	後方	交通路	交通先
前頭洞	頭蓋	眼窩					前頭鼻管	中鼻道
上顎洞	眼窩壁	歯槽突起	鼻腔	頬骨弓		翼口蓋窩		中鼻道
篩骨洞	前頭洞			眼窩壁				中鼻道(前篩骨洞)/ 上鼻道(後篩骨洞)
蝶形骨洞	頭蓋壁			視神経管(上)/ 後篩骨洞(下)		頭蓋壁		上鼻道