WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard (同)pipe_organ
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; "The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department"
a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
『オルガン』,パイプオルガン(pipe organ),リードオルガン(reed organ),電子オルガン(electronic organ),手回しオルガン(barrel organ) / (動植物の)『器官』 / (政党・会社などの)機関誌,機関紙 / 《しばしば複数形で》(行動・実施などの)組織,機関

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/05 23:08:41」(JST)

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A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities. As biological organization spans several scales, examples of biological systems are populations of organisms, or on the organ- and tissue scale in mammals and other animals, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc.

On the micro- to the nanoscopic scale, examples of biological systems are cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways.

A biological system is not to be confused with a living system, which is commonly referred to as life. For further information see e.g. definition of life or synthetic biology.

Organ and tissue systems

An example of a system: The nervous system. This basic diagram shows that this system is made up of 4 different basic organs: the brain, the cerebellum, the spinal cord, and the nerves.

These specific systems are widely studied in Human anatomy. "Human" systems are also present in many other animals.

Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
Integumentary system: skin, hair, fat, and nails.
Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands.
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies.
Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

External links

Systems Biology: An Overview by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005.
Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System, by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.

This biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This systems-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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1. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：診断的評価 pelvic organ prolapse in women diagnostic evaluation
2. 臓器提供の候補となる小児患者（ポテンシャルドナー）の評価 assessment of the pediatric patient for potential organ donation
3. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：先端脱（子宮脱または膣円蓋脱）の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of apical prolapse uterine or vaginal vault prolapse
4. 腎臓移植における臓器共有（organ sharing） organ sharing in kidney transplantation
5. ノカルジア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of nocardiosis

English Journal

Pressurized honeycombs as soft-actuators: a theoretical study.

Guiducci L1, Fratzl P2, Bréchet YJ3, Dunlop JW4.
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society.J R Soc Interface.2014 Sep 6;11(98). pii: 20140458. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0458.
The seed capsule of Delosperma nakurense is a remarkable example of a natural hygromorph, which unfolds its protecting valves upon wetting to expose its seeds. The beautiful mechanism responsible for this motion is generated by a specialized organ based on an anisotropic cellular tissue filled with
PMID 24966238

Polymeric vector-mediated gene transfection of MSCs for dual bioluminescent and MRI tracking in vivo.

Wu C1, Li J2, Pang P1, Liu J3, Zhu K1, Li D3, Cheng D2, Chen J1, Shuai X4, Shan H5.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Sep;35(28):8249-60. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.014. Epub 2014 Jun 26.
MSC's transplantation is a promising cell-based therapy for injuries in regenerative medicine, and in vivo visualization of transplanted MSCs with noninvasive technique is essential for the tracking of cell infusion and homing. A new cationic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-aspartic aci
PMID 24976241

Human miR-1228 as a stable endogenous control for the quantification of circulating microRNAs in cancer patients.

Hu J1, Wang Z, Liao BY, Yu L, Gao X, Lu S, Wang S, Dai Z, Zhang X, Chen Q, Qiu SJ, Wu Y, Zhu H, Fan J, Zhou J, Wang J.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Sep 1;135(5):1187-94. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28757. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
Circulating microRNAs are promising biomarkers for non-invasive testing and dynamic monitoring in cancer patients. However, no consensus exists regarding the normalization of circulating microRNAs in the quantification, making the results incomparable. We investigated global circulating microRNA pro
PMID 24488924

Japanese Journal

Identifying and interpreting novel targets that address more than one diabetic complication : a strategy for optimal end organ protection in diabetes

Hagiwara Shinji,Jha Jay C.,Cooper Mark E.
Diabetology international 5(1), 1-20, 2014
NAID 40020028017

植物の接ぎ木を利用した接ぎ木相手の形質転換(<特集>新しい遺伝子改変技術と有用植物の育成)

葛西厚史,原田竹雄
植物の生長調節 48(2), 125-134, 2013-12-20
… Recent analytical technology has revealed that some specific RNA molecules are also transported through phloem tissue as genetic information to execute coordinated organ growth and development. … Therefore, it is anticipated that the RNA transport system could be applied for the improvement of cultivars of various horticultural crops, if the mechanism were controllable by artificial means. …
NAID 110009687188

食物経口負荷試験における新たなスコアリングシート"Anaphylaxis Scoring Aichi (ASCA)"の提案と検討

日野明日香,前田徹,羽根田泰宏 [他],小林貴江,安井正弘,漢人直之,伊藤浩明
アレルギー 62(8), 968-979, 2013-08-30
【目的】食物経口負荷試験における誘発症状の重症度を定量的に評価する新たなスコアシステム「アナフィラキシースコアリングあいち:Anaphylaxis Scoring Aichi (ASCA)」を作成し,有用性を検討した.【方法】ASCAは,誘発症状を呼吸器,皮膚,消化器,神経,循環器の5つに分類し,主観症状,客観所見に分けて重症度順に配し,臓器スコア(1〜60)とした.一連の負荷試験における各臓器の …
NAID 110009649381