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WordNet

the period of time during which a place or position or nation is occupied; "during the German occupation of Paris"
the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "hes not in my line of business" (同)business, job, line of work, line
the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power (同)military control
the act of occupying or taking possession of a building; "occupation of a building without a certificate of occupancy is illegal" (同)occupancy, moving in
any activity that occupies a persons attention; "he missed the bell in his occupation with the computer game"
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
of or relating to the activity or business for which you are trained; "occupational hazard"
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『職業』,仕事 / 〈C〉時間の使い方 / 〈U〉(…を)『占有すること』,(軍隊が)(…を)占領すること《+『of』+『名』》
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
職業の
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/05 20:08:00」(JST)

wiki en

An occupational disease is any chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity. It is an aspect of occupational safety and health. An occupational disease is typically identified when it is shown that it is more prevalent in a given body of workers than in the general population, or in other worker populations. The first such disease to be recognised, squamous-cell carcinoma of the scrotum, was identified in chimney sweep boys by Sir Percival Pott in 1775. Occupational hazards that are of a traumatic nature (such as falls by roofers) are not considered to be occupational diseases.

Under the law of workers' compensation in many jurisdictions, there is a presumption that specific disease are caused by the worker being in the work environment and the burden is on the employer or insurer to show that the disease came about from another cause. Diseases compensated by national workers compensation authorities are often termed occupational diseases. However, many countries do not offer compensations for certain diseases like musculoskeletal disorders caused by work (e.g. in Norway). Therefore the term work-related diseases is utilized to describe diseases of occupational origin. This term however would then include both compensable and non-compensable diseases that have occupational origins.

Examples

Some well-known occupational diseases include:

Lung diseases

Occupational lung diseases include asbestosis among asbestos miners and those who work with friable asbestos insulation, as well as black lung (coalworker's pneumoconiosis) among coal miners, silicosis among miners and quarrying and tunnel operators and byssinosis among workers in parts of the cotton textile industry.

Occupational asthma has a vast number of occupations at risk.

Bad indoor air quality may predispose for diseases in the lungs as well as in other parts of the body.

Skin diseases

Occupational skin diseases and conditions are generally caused by chemicals and having wet hands for long periods while at work. Eczema is by far the most common, but urticaria, sunburn and skin cancer are also of concern.^[1]

High-risk occupations include:^[1]

Hairdressing
Catering
Healthcare
Printing
Metal machining
Motor vehicle repair
Construction

Other diseases of concern

Carpal tunnel syndrome among persons who work in the poultry industry and information technology
Computer vision syndrome among persons using information technology for hours
Lead poisoning affecting workers in many industries that processed or employed lead or lead compounds

Historical

Donald Hunter in his classic history of occupational diseases discusses many example of occupational diseases.^[2] They include:

Phossy jaw among the London matchgirls
Radiation sickness among some persons who had been working in the nuclear industry
Radium jaw among the Radium Girls
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum among chimney sweeps (see Chimney sweeps' carcinoma)

Prevention

In order to better prevent and control occupational disease, most countries revise and update their related laws, most of them greatly increasing the penalties in case of breaches of the occupational disease laws. Occupational disease prevention, in general legally regulated, is part of good supply chain management and enables companies to design and ensure supply chain social compliance schemes as well as monitor their implementation to identify and prevent occupational disease hazards.

References

^ ^a ^b HSE (Health and Safety Executive of Great Britain) Skin at work Retrieved on June 20, 2009
^ Hunter, Donald (1994). Diseases of Occupations (8th rev. ed.). Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-55173-9.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 職業性肺疾患のイメージング imaging of occupational lung diseases
2. 労働衛生および環境衛生の概要 overview of occupational and environmental health
3. 職業性喘息：定義、疫学、原因、および危険因子 occupational asthma definitions epidemiology causes and risk factors
4. 珪肺症 silicosis
5. 間質性肺疾患を有する成人に対するアプローチ：臨床的評価 approach to the adult with interstitial lung disease clinical evaluation

English Journal

Treatment costs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Germany.

Braun S, Zeidler J, Linder R, Engel S, Verheyen F, Greiner W.SourceHerescon GmbH-Health Economic Research and Consulting, Königsworther Straße 2, 30167, Hannover, Germany, braun@herescon.com.
The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care.Eur J Health Econ.2013 Dec;14(6):939-45. doi: 10.1007/s10198-012-0440-5. Epub 2012 Nov 21.
BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioural disorders among children and adolescents. The number of patients as well as prescriptions to treat this disease has continuously increased over the past few years. The aim of the present study was to an
PMID 23179162

Development of sandwich ELISAs for the detection of aromatic diisocyanate adducts.

Lemons AR, Bledsoe TA, Siegel PD, Beezhold DH, Green BJ.SourceAllergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. Electronic address: wrw0@cdc.gov.
Journal of immunological methods.J Immunol Methods.2013 Nov 29;397(1-2):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.015. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
Diisocyanates (dNCOs) are highly reactive low molecular weight chemicals commonly used in the manufacturing industry. Occupational exposures to dNCOs have been shown to elicit allergic sensitization and occupational asthma. Among the most commonly used dNCOs in industry are the aromatic dNCOs, tolue
PMID 24012971

IL-13 Immunotoxin Accelerates Resolution of Lung Pathological Changes Triggered by Silica Particles in Mice.

Ferreira TP, de Arantes AC, do Nascimento CV, Olsen PC, Trentin PG, Rocco PR, Hogaboam CM, Puri RK, Martins MA, Silva PM.SourceLaboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2013 Nov 15;191(10):5220-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203551. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
Instillation of silica into the lungs of rodents results in pathological changes that strongly mimic human silicosis, an occupational lung disease marked by restrictive airway obstruction, inflammation, and fibrosis. Because IL-13 is a pivotal proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokine, we examined whe
PMID 24133168

Japanese Journal

Prevalence of Brick Tea-Type Fluorosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region

Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005104348

Salty Food Preference and Intake and Risk of Gastric Cancer: The JACC Study

Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005103007

東日本大震災後の長期的仮設住宅居住の健康影響 : 亘理町研究

日本職業・災害医学会会誌 = Japanese journal of occupational
NAID 40020623975

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