出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/29 16:07:22」(JST)
ムコ多糖症（ムコたとうしょう、Mucopolysaccharidosis、MPS）は、遺伝的な要因による先天性代謝異常症であるライソゾーム病の一種である。医学上の正式名は「ムコ多糖代謝異常症」。日本では、特定疾患に指定されている。
リソソーム内の加水分解酵素の先天的欠損あるいは異常により、リソソーム内にムコ多糖の一種であるグリコサミノグリカン（GAG）が蓄積する疾患である。GAGは人体内で細胞間結合に寄与する役割がある。
原因となる遺伝子によっていくつかの類型に分けられており、それら遺伝子の染色体上の位置により常染色体劣性遺伝と性染色体劣性遺伝の2種類に分類される。なお、ムコ多糖症I型は前者、ムコ多糖症II型は後者にあたる。
また、同一酵素の欠損あるいは異常は、遺伝子配列等の因子により程度が異なっており、病態の進行度、重篤度は患者間で大きな差が見られる。
ムコ多糖症は以下のようにI型～IX型の病型に分けられている。医療者向け資料などではMPSという略称で使う事が多いようで、例えばムコ多糖症I型の場合MPS Iと表記する。なお、以下の記述中のオーストラリアでの発症率はMeikleらの論文による[1]。ただし、発症例は各病型数十名程度しか存在しないため、統計的誤差は多分に含んでいると考えられる点に注意されたい。
なお、MPS V(5型)とMPS VIII(8型)は欠番である。
進行性の病気でありムコ多糖が蓄積することにより、ほぼ全身の臓器や組織が障害される。主な臨床症状は下記のようなものがある（但し、型や個人差によって症状は大きく異なるため一概には言えない）。患者は徐々に衰弱する。寿命は重症の場合10歳から15歳までの間であるといわれる。軽症の場合では成人している患者も少なくない。
遺伝的要因によるものなので根治治療は難しい。現時点では胎児あるいは新生児の時点、すなわちできる限り早期に診断するのが治療には重要と考えられている[21][22]。もちろん、これら遺伝子診断は倫理学的には解決しなければ問題が多いのも現実であるが、早期診断・早期治療はムコ多糖症の症状進行を食い止めるには有効な手段である。なお、治療法については確立されていないものも含め下記のようなものがある。
| この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:医学／Portal:医学と医療）。 |
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) |
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | E76 |
| ICD-9 | 277.5 |
| MeSH | D009083 |
Mucopolysaccharidosis are a group of metabolic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans - long chains of sugar carbohydrates in each of our cells that help build bone, cartilage, tendons, corneas, skin and connective tissue. Glycosaminoglycans (formerly called mucopolysaccharides) are also found in the fluid that lubricates our joints.
People with a mucopolysaccharidosis disease either do not produce enough of one of the 11 enzymes required to break down these sugar chains into simpler molecules, or they produce enzymes that do not work properly. Over time, these glycosaminoglycans collect in the cells, blood and connective tissues. The result is permanent, progressive cellular damage which affects appearance, physical abilities, organ and system functioning, and, in most cases, mental development.
The mucopolysaccharidoses are part of the lysosomal storage disease family, a group of more than 40 genetic disorders that result when a specific organelle in our bodies' cells – the lysosome – malfunctions. The lysosome is commonly referred to as the cell’s recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can utilize. Lysosomes break down this unwanted matter via enzymes, highly specialized proteins essential for survival. Lysosomal disorders like mucopolysaccharidosis are triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether.
The mucopolysaccharidosis share many clinical features but have varying degrees of severity. These features may not be apparent at birth but progress as storage of glycosaminoglycans affects bone, skeletal structure, connective tissues, and organs. Neurological complications may include damage to neurons (which send and receive signals throughout the body) as well as pain and impaired motor function. This results from compression of nerves or nerve roots in the spinal cord or in the peripheral nervous system, the part of the nervous system that connects the brain and spinal cord to sensory organs such as the eyes and to other organs, muscles, and tissues throughout the body.
Depending on the mucopolysaccharidosis subtype, affected individuals may have normal intellect or have cognitive impairments, may experience developmental delay, or may have severe behavioral problems. Many individuals have hearing loss, either conductive (in which pressure behind the ear drum causes fluid from the lining of the middle ear to build up and eventually congeal), neurosensory (in which tiny hair cells in the inner ear are damaged), or both. Communicating hydrocephalus — in which the normal reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked and causes increased pressure inside the head — is common in some of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Surgically inserting a shunt into the brain can drain fluid. The eye's cornea often becomes cloudy from intracellular storage, and glaucoma and degeneration of the retina also may affect the patient's vision.
Physical symptoms generally include coarse or rough facial features (including a flat nasal bridge, thick lips, and enlarged mouth and tongue), short stature with disproportionately short trunk (dwarfism), dysplasia (abnormal bone size and/or shape) and other skeletal irregularities, thickened skin, enlarged organs such as liver (hepatomegaly) or spleen (splenomegaly), hernias, and excessive body hair growth. Short and often claw-like hands, progressive joint stiffness, and carpal tunnel syndrome can restrict hand mobility and function. Recurring respiratory infections are common, as are obstructive airway disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Many affected individuals also have heart disease, often involving enlarged or diseased heart valves.
Another lysosomal storage disease often confused with the mucopolysaccharidoses is mucolipidosis. In this disorder, excessive amounts of fatty materials known as lipids (another principal component of living cells) are stored, in addition to sugars. Persons with mucolipidosis may share some of the clinical features associated with the mucopolysaccharidoses (certain facial features, bony structure abnormalities, and damage to the brain), and increased amounts of the enzymes needed to break down the lipids are found in the blood.
Seven distinct clinical types and numerous subtypes of the mucopolysaccharidoses have been identified. Although each mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) differs clinically, most patients generally experience a period of normal development followed by a decline in physical and/or mental function. (Note: MPS-V and MPS-VIII are no longer in use as designations for any disease.)
| Type[1] | Common name Other names |
OMIM | Gene | Locus | Deficient enzyme | Accumulated products | Symptoms | Incidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPS IH | Hurler syndrome | 607014 | IDUA | 4p16.3 | α-L-iduronidase | Heparan sulfate Dermatan sulfate |
Mental retardation, micrognathia, coarse facial features, macroglossia, retinal degeneration, corneal clouding, cardiomyopathy, hepatosplenomegaly | 1:100,000[2] |
| MPS IH/S | Hurler–Scheie syndrome | 607015 | ||||||
| MPS IS | Scheie syndrome Formerly: Mucopolysaccharidosis type V |
607016 | ||||||
| MPS II | Hunter syndrome | 309900 | IDS | Xq28 | Iduronate sulfatase | Heparan sulfate Dermatan sulfate |
Mental retardation (similar, but milder, symptoms to MPS I). This type exceptionally has X-linked recessive inheritance | 1:250,000[3] |
| MPS IIIA | Sanfilippo syndrome A Sulfamidase deficiency |
252900 | SGSH | 17q25.3 | Heparan sulfamidase | Heparan sulfate | Developmental delay, severe hyperactivity, spasticity, motor dysfunction, death by the second decade | 1:280,000[4] – 1:50,000[5] |
| MPS IIIB | Sanfilippo syndrome B NAGLU deficiency |
252920 | NAGLU | 17q21.2 | N-acetylglucosaminidase | |||
| MPS IIIC | Sanfilippo syndrome C | 252930 | HGSNAT | 8p11.21 | Heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase | |||
| MPS IIID | Sanfilippo syndrome D | 252940 | GNS | 12q14.3 | N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase | |||
| MPS IVA | Morquio syndrome A | 253000 | GALNS | 16q24.3 | Galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase | Keratan sulfate Chondroitin 6-sulfate |
Severe skeletal dysplasia, short stature, motor dysfunction | 1 in 75,000[4] |
| MPS IVB | Morquio syndrome B | 253010 | GLB1 | 3p22.3 | β-galactosidase | Keratan sulfate | ||
| MPS V | See MPS IS (Scheie syndrome) above | |||||||
| MPS VI | Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome ARSB deficiency |
253200 | ARSB | 5q14.1 | N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase | Dermatan sulfate | Severe skeletal dysplasia, short stature, motor dysfunction, kyphosis, heart defects | |
| MPS VII | Sly syndrome GUSB deficiency |
253220 | GUSB | 7q11.21 | β-glucuronidase | Heparan sulfate Dermatan sulfate |
Hepatomegaly, skeletal dysplasia, short stature, corneal clouding, developmental delay | <1:250,000[6] |
| MPS IX | Natowicz syndrome Hyaluronidase deficiency |
601492 | HYAL1 | 3p21.31 | Hyaluronidase | Hyaluronic acid | Nodular soft-tissue masses around joints, episodes of painful swelling of the masses, short-term pain, mild facial changes, short stature, normal joint movement, normal intelligence | |
MPS I is divided into three subtypes based on severity of symptoms. All three types result from an absence of, or insufficient levels of, the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase. Children born to an MPS I parent carry the defective gene.
Although no studies have been done to determine the frequency of MPS I in the United States, studies in British Columbia estimate that 1 in 100,000 babies born has Hurler syndrome. The estimate for Scheie syndrome is one in 500,000 births and for Hurler-Scheie syndrome it is one in 115,000 births.
MPS II, Hunter syndrome or iduronate sulfatase deficiency, is caused by lack of the enzyme iduronate sulfatase. Hunter syndrome has two clinical subtypes and (since it shows X-linked recessive inheritance) is the only one of the mucopolysaccharidoses in which the mother alone can pass the defective gene to a son. The incidence of Hunter syndrome is estimated to be 1 in 100,000 to 150,000 male births.
MPS III, Sanfilippo syndrome, is marked by severe neurological symptoms. These include progressive dementia, aggressive behavior, hyperactivity, seizures, some deafness and loss of vision, and an inability to sleep for more than a few hours at a time. This disorder tends to have three main stages. During the first stage, early mental and motor skill development may be somewhat delayed. Affected children show a marked decline in learning between ages 2 and 6, followed by eventual loss of language skills and loss of some or all hearing. Some children may never learn to speak. In the syndrome's second stage, aggressive behavior, hyperactivity, profound dementia, and irregular sleep may make children difficult to manage, particularly those who retain normal physical strength. In the syndrome's last stage, children become increasingly unsteady on their feet and most are unable to walk by age 10.
Thickened skin and mild changes in facial features, bone, and skeletal structures become noticeable with age. Growth in height usually stops by age 10. Other problems may include narrowing of the airway passage in the throat and enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids, making it difficult to eat or swallow. Recurring respiratory infections are common.
There are four distinct types of Sanfilippo syndrome, each caused by alteration of a different enzyme needed to completely break down the heparan sulfate sugar chain. Little clinical difference exists between these four types but symptoms appear most severe and seem to progress more quickly in children with type A. The average duration of Sanfilippo syndrome is 8 to 10 years following onset of symptoms. Most persons with MPS III live into their teenage years, and some live longer.
The incidence of Sanfilippo syndrome (for all four types combined) is about one in 70,000 births.
MPS IV, Morquio syndrome, is estimated to occur in 1 in 700,000 births. Its two subtypes result from the missing or deficient enzymes galactose 6-sulfate sulfatase (Type A) or beta-galactosidase (Type B) needed to break down the keratan sulfate sugar chain. Clinical features are similar in both types but appear milder in Morquio Type B. Onset is between ages 1 and 3. Neurological complications include spinal nerve and nerve root compression resulting from extreme, progressive skeletal changes, particularly in the ribs and chest; conductive and/or neurosensitive loss of hearing and clouded corneas. Intelligence is normal unless hydrocephalus develops and is not treated.
Physical growth slows generally around the age of 18 months, and stops completely by the age of 8. Skeletal abnormalities include a bell-shaped chest, a flattening or curvature of the spine, shortened long bones, and dysplasia of the hips, knees, ankles, and wrists. The bones that stabilize the connection between the head and neck can be malformed (odontoid hypoplasia); in these cases, a surgical procedure called spinal cervical bone fusion can be lifesaving. Restricted breathing, joint stiffness, and heart disease are also common. Children with the more severe form of Morquio syndrome may not live beyond their twenties or thirties.
Children with MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, usually have normal intellectual development but share many of the physical symptoms found in Hurler syndrome. Caused by the deficient enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome has a variable spectrum of severe symptoms. Neurological complications include clouded corneas, deafness, thickening of the dura (the membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord), and pain caused by compressed or traumatized nerves and nerve roots.
Growth is normal at first but stops suddenly around age 8. By age 10 children have developed a shortened trunk, crouched stance, and restricted joint movement. In more severe cases, children also develop a protruding abdomen and forward-curving spine. Skeletal changes (particularly in the pelvic region) are progressive and limit movement. Many children also have umbilical or inguinal hernias. Nearly all children have some form of heart disease,
An enzyme replacement therapy was tested on patients with MPS VI and was successful in that it improved growth and joint movement. An experiment was then carried out to see whether an injection of the missing enzyme into the hips would help the range of motion and pain.
MPS VII, Sly syndrome, one of the least common forms of the mucopolysaccharidoses, is estimated to occur in fewer than one in 250,000 births. The disorder is caused by deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. In its rarest form, Sly syndrome causes children to be born with hydrops fetalis, in which extreme amounts of fluid are retained in the body. Survival is usually a few months or less. Most children with Sly syndrome are less severely affected. Neurological symptoms may include mild to moderate mental retardation by age 3, communicating hydrocephalus, nerve entrapment, corneal clouding, and some loss of peripheral and night vision. Other symptoms include short stature, some skeletal irregularities, joint stiffness and restricted movement, and umbilical and/or inguinal hernias. Some patients may have repeated bouts of pneumonia during their first years of life. Most children with Sly syndrome live into the teenage or young adult years.
As of 2001, only one case of MPS IX (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 601492) had been reported. The disorder results from hyaluronidase deficiency. Symptoms included nodular soft-tissue masses located around joints, with episodes of painful swelling of the masses and pain that ended spontaneously within 3 days. Pelvic radiography showed multiple soft-tissue masses and some bone erosion. Other traits included mild facial changes, acquired short stature as seen in other MPS disorders, and normal joint movement and intelligence.
Diagnosis often can be made through clinical examination and urine tests (excess mucopolysaccharides are excreted in the urine). Enzyme assays (testing a variety of cells or body fluids in culture for enzyme deficiency) are also used to provide definitive diagnosis of one of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can verify if a fetus either carries a copy of the defective gene or is affected with the disorder. Genetic counseling can help parents who have a family history of the mucopolysaccharidoses determine if they are carrying the mutated gene that causes the disorders.
Currently there is no cure for these disorders. Medical care is directed at treating systemic conditions and improving the person's quality of life. Physical therapy and daily exercise may delay joint problems and improve the ability to move.
Changes to the diet will not prevent disease progression, but limiting milk, sugar, and dairy products has helped some individuals experiencing excessive mucus.
Surgery to remove tonsils and adenoids may improve breathing among affected individuals with obstructive airway disorders and sleep apnea. Sleep studies can assess airway status and the possible need for nighttime oxygen. Some patients may require surgical insertion of an endotrachial tube to aid breathing. Surgery can also correct hernias, help drain excessive cerebrospinal fluid from the brain, and free nerves and nerve roots compressed by skeletal and other abnormalities. Corneal transplants may improve vision among patients with significant corneal clouding.
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) are currently in use or are being tested. Enzyme replacement therapy has proven useful in reducing non-neurological symptoms and pain. Currently BioMarin Pharmaceutical produces enzyme replacement therapies for MPS type I and VI. In July 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a synthetic version of I2S produced by Shire Pharmaceuticals Group, called Elaprase, as a treatment for MPS type II (Hunter syndrome).
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) have had limited success in treating the mucopolysaccharidoses. Abnormal physical characteristics, except for those affecting the skeleton and eyes, may be improved, but neurologic outcomes have varied. BMT and UCBT are high-risk procedures and are usually performed only after family members receive extensive evaluation and counseling.
For information on clinical trials visit Clinical Trials Search
It is estimated that 1 in 25,000 babies born in the United States will have some form of the mucopolysaccharidoses.[citation needed] It is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that only individuals inheriting the defective gene from both parents are affected. (The exception is MPS II, or Hunter syndrome, in which the mother alone passes along the defective gene to a son.) When both people in a couple have the defective gene, each pregnancy carries with it a one in four chance that the child will be affected. The parents and siblings of an affected child may have no sign of the disorder. Unaffected siblings and select relatives of a child with one of the mucopolysaccharidoses may carry the recessive gene and could pass it to their own children.
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| リンク元 | 「ムコ多糖症」「cherry-red spot」「MPS」「ムコ多糖類症」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「mucopolysaccharidosis I」「mucopolysaccharidosis VI」 |