上中心核
WordNet
- talk volubly
- genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged (同)rap music, hip-hop
- a gentle blow (同)strike, tap
- voluble conversation
- strike sharply; "rap him on the knuckles" (同)knap
- perform rap music
- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
- (astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
- any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
- the positively charged dense center of an atom
- relating to or situated in or extending toward the middle (同)medial
- the value below which 50% of the cases fall (同)median value
- relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values); "the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20"; "the median income for the year was $15,000" (同)average
- a ridge that forms a seam between two parts (同)rhaphe
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (…を)『コツン』(『トン』)『とたたくこと』(『音』)《+『on』(『at』)+『名』》 / 《話》(人のしたことに対する)非難,とがめ《+『for』+『名』》 / 《俗》おしゃべり / …‘を'コツン(トン)とたたく / 〈命令など〉‘を'びしゃりと言う《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / (…を)コツン(トン)とたたく《+『at』(on)+『名』》 / 《俗》互いに気持ちよく話す・〔俗〕 非難（する）; 叱る; 〔俗〕 告訴［処罰，逮捕］（する）; 〔俗〕 おしゃべり（する）; 〔米俗〕 ラップ（ミュージック）; 〔米俗〕 ラップで歌う・「take the rap」で「甘んじて罰を受ける」
- 少しも(…しない)
- 中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
- 中央の,中間の / 中間数の,中央値の / (統計・数学で)中間数,中央値;中点
- mediumの複数形
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/18 05:11:28」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Median raphe nucleus |
| Details |
| Latin |
nucleus raphes medianus, nucleus centralis superior |
| Identifiers |
| NeuroNames |
hier-557 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Superior Central Nucleus |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
n_11/12582808 |
| TA |
A14.1.05.603 |
| FMA |
72465 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The median raphe nucleus (MRN) (also known as the nucleus raphes medianus (NRM)[1] or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and piriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphes pontis.
Inhibition of the MRN in cats by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocin, two serotonin agonist hallucinogens, leads to dose dependent behavioral changes, indicating the MRN may be an important site of action for humans hallucinations.[2]
See also
References
- ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
- ^ Trulson, M.E., Preussler DW and Trulson V.M. Differential effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus centralis superior and nucleus raphe pallidus in free-moving cats. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Volume 228, Issue 1, pp. 94-102, 1 January 1984
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Anatomy of the pons
|
|
Dorsal/
(tegmentum) |
| Surface |
- Cerebellopontine angle
- Superior medullary velum
- Sulcus limitans
- Medial eminence
- Facial colliculus
|
|
| White: Sensory |
- Trapezoid body
- Trigeminal lemniscus
- Dorsal trigeminal tract
- Ventral trigeminal tract
- Medial lemniscus
- Lateral lemniscus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
- Central tegmental tract
|
|
| White: Motor |
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Vestibulocerebellar tract
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Medial vestibulospinal tract
- Lateral vestibulospinal tract
|
|
| Grey: Cranial nuclei |
| afferent: |
- GSA
- Cochlear nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei
|
|
| efferent: |
- SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus
- Facial motor nucleus
- GSE: Abducens nucleus
- GVE: Superior salivary nucleus
|
|
| Other |
- Apneustic center
- Pneumotaxic center
- Medial parabrachial nucleus
- Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Superior olivary nucleus
- Caerulean nucleus
|
|
|
|
Ventral/
(base) |
| Grey |
|
|
| White: Motor/descending |
- Corticospinal tract
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticopontine fibers
- MCP
|
|
| Surface |
|
|
|
Other grey: Raphe/
reticular |
- Reticular formation
- Caudal
- Oral
- Tegmental
- Paramedian
- Raphe nuclei
|
|
|
Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Dopamine is differentially involved in the locomotor hyperactivity produced by manipulations of opioid, GABA and glutamate receptors in the median raphe nucleus.
- Shim I1, Stratford TR2, Wirtshafter D3.Author information 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago M/C 285 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago 60607-7137, IL, U.S.A; AMSRC, Department of Basic Science College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.2Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago M/C 285 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago 60607-7137, IL, U.S.A.3Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago M/C 285 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago 60607-7137, IL, U.S.A. Electronic address: davew@uic.edu.AbstractThe median raphe nucleus (MR) has been shown to exert a powerful influence on behavioral arousal and marked locomotor hyperactivity can be produced by intra-MR injections of a variety of drugs including GABAA and GABAB agonists, excitatory amino acid antagonists, and μ- and δ-opioid agonists. Other studies have indicated that the MR exerts an inhibitory influence on ascending dopamine systems, suggesting that MR induced alterations in activity may be mediated through changes in dopaminergic transmission. In the present study, we explored this possibility by examining whether systemic administration of the preferential D2 dopamine antagonist haloperidol is able to antagonize the hyperactivity produced by intra-MR injections of various drugs. We found that haloperidol completely blocked the locomotor response to intra-MR injections of the μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO and the δ-opioid receptor agonist DPDPE. In marked contrast, at doses which abolished the locomotor response to systemic amphetamine, haloperidol had no effect on the hyperactivity induced by intra-MR injections of GABAA agonist muscimol, the GABAB agonist baclofen, or the kainate/quisqualate antagonist pBB-PZDA, even though it suppressed baseline activity in these same animals. These results indicate that there must be at least two mechanisms capable of influencing behavioral arousal within the MR region, one of which is dependent on D2 dopamine receptors and the other is not.
- Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Mar 15;261:65-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.004. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
- The median raphe nucleus (MR) has been shown to exert a powerful influence on behavioral arousal and marked locomotor hyperactivity can be produced by intra-MR injections of a variety of drugs including GABAA and GABAB agonists, excitatory amino acid antagonists, and μ- and δ-opioid agonists. Othe
- PMID 24333380
- Sex differences in circadian timing systems: Implications for disease.
- Bailey M1, Silver R2.Author information 1Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States. Electronic address: mrb2225@columbia.edu.2Department of Psychology, Columbia University, United States; Department of Psychology, Barnard College, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, United States. Electronic address: QR@columbia.edu.AbstractVirtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as a master clock synchronizing the phase of clocks throughout the body. Gonadal steroid receptors are expressed in almost every site that receives direct SCN input. Here we review sex differences in the circadian timing system in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG), the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis, and sleep-arousal systems. We also point to ways in which disruption of circadian rhythms within these systems differs in the sexes and is associated with dysfunction and disease. Understanding sex differentiated circadian timing systems can lead to improved treatment strategies for these conditions.
- Frontiers in neuroendocrinology.Front Neuroendocrinol.2014 Jan;35(1):111-39. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Nov 25.
- Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex. These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset by internal signals such as hormones, and external cues such as light. The present review highlights the inter-relationship
- PMID 24287074
- Neurocircuitry of drug reward.
- Ikemoto S1, Bonci A.Author information 1Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Electronic address: satoshi.ikemoto@nih.gov.AbstractIn recent years, neuroscientists have produced profound conceptual and mechanistic advances on the neurocircuitry of reward and substance use disorders. Here, we will provide a brief review of intracranial drug self-administration and optogenetic self-stimulation studies that identified brain regions and neurotransmitter systems involved in drug- and reward-related behaviors. Also discussed is a theoretical framework that helps to understand the functional properties of the circuitry involved in these behaviors. The circuitry appears to be homeostatically regulated and mediate anticipatory processes that regulate behavioral interaction with the environment in response to salient stimuli. That is, abused drugs or, at least, some may act on basic motivation and mood processes, regulating behavior-environment interaction. Optogenetics and related technologies have begun to uncover detailed circuit mechanisms linking key brain regions in which abused drugs act for rewarding effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
- Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2014 Jan;76 Pt B:329-41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.031. Epub 2013 May 7.
- In recent years, neuroscientists have produced profound conceptual and mechanistic advances on the neurocircuitry of reward and substance use disorders. Here, we will provide a brief review of intracranial drug self-administration and optogenetic self-stimulation studies that identified brain region
- PMID 23664810
Japanese Journal
- Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive cells in rat forebrain and midbrain following social defeat stress and diazepam treatment.
- Metaplastic Regulation of the Median Raphe Nucleus via Serotonin 5-HT₁A Receptor on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity Is Associated With Gender-Specific Emotional Expression in Rats
- Projections of nucleus accumbens adenosine A2A receptor neurons in the mouse brain and their implications in mediating sleep-wake regulation
Related Links
- nu·cle·us (no o′klē-əs, nyo o′-) n. pl. nu·cle·i (-klē-ī′) or nu·cle·us·es 1. A central or essential part around which other parts are gathered or grouped; a core: the nucleus of a city. 2. Something regarded as a basis for future ...
- nucleus, in biology nucleus: see cell cell, in biology, the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed. The cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating the essential life ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- median raphe nucleus, superior central nucleus
[★]
- 関
- culture、culture media、culture medium、culture solution、medium
[★]
- 関
- raphe nuclei、raphe nucleus
[★]
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