同: throttling

WordNet

requiring human effort; "a manual transmission"
a small handbook
doing or requiring physical work; "manual labor"; "manual laborer"
of or relating to the hands; "manual dexterity"
the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage
(pathology) constriction of a body part so as to cut off the flow of blood or other fluid; "strangulation of the intestine"

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手でする,手細工の / 便覧,手引き,案内書 / (オルガンの)けん盤
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/30 23:15:21」(JST)

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A cheetah strangling an impala, Timbavati Game Reserve, South Africa

Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain.^[1] Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and as the auxiliary lethal mechanism in hangings in the event the neck does not break. Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems.

Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:^[2]

Hanging—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
Ligature strangulation—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrote
Manual strangulation—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity

General

The neck contains several vulnerable targets for compression including the carotid arteries.

Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:^[3]

Compression of the carotid arteries or jugular veins—causing cerebral ischemia.
Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx, or trachea—causing asphyxia.
Stimulation of the carotid sinus reflex—causing bradycardia, hypotension, or both.

Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism.^[4] Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death,^[5] but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries.^[6] Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm², while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm².^[7] As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation.^[4] Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.^[3]^[8] The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied ^[9] to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.^[3]

Manual strangulation

Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx,^[3] and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck.^[4] In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.^[3] More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as chokeholds, and are extensively practiced and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo and jujutsu, strangles or chokes that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safe way to render the opponent unconscious as opposed to other attacks, e.g., strikes to the head. During the 18th Century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a Court-martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.^[10]

Ligature strangulation

Ligature strangulation (also known as "garroting") is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, or shoe laces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.^[11] Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own bodyweight.^[4] Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time,^[4] with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.^[11] Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly,^[4] but accidents and suicides occur as well.^[12] During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé.^[13] Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims.

Anti-ligature

Anti-ligature is the prevention of tying or binding. Anti-ligature devices are used to prevent vulnerable people from accidentally or intentionally self harming, (typically hanging).^[14] Anti-ligature devices and equipment are primarily used where people are considered to be 'at risk' such as hospitals, institutions and nursing homes, but can also be found in some offices and schools.

They are designed to withstand high levels of abuse and as a result are constructed from solid stainless steel and have minimal moving parts. They typically feature sloped or curved corners to which nothing can be attached and is proportioned at specific critical angles and linear values with no protruding parts to prevent ligature points.^[15]

Examples of anti-ligature devices can include electronically controlled tap-less wash basins and seat-less WC pans with concealed WC cisterns and anti-ligature shower controls and shower heads.^[16]

Notes

^ Ernoehazy, William; Ernoehazy,WS. Hanging Injuries and Strangulation. www.emedicine.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Strack, Gael; McClane, George. How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. www.polaroid.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jones, Richard. Asphyxia, Strangulation. www.forensicmed.co.uk. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ferris, J.A.J. Asphyxia. www.pathology.ubc.ca. URL's last accessed March 1, 2006 (DOC format)
^ Koiwai, Karl. How Safe is Choking in Judo?. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. Death from law enforcement neck holds. www.charlydmiller.com.URL last accessed March 3, 2006
^ Gunther, Wendy. On Chokes (Medical), with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. www.aikiweb.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Passig,K. Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history. www.datenschlag.org. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
^ Koiwai, Karl. Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza). judoinfo.com URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Culloden. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.
^ ^a ^b Turvey, Brent (1996). A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. www.corpus-delicti.com. URL last accessed March 1, 2006.
^ University of Dundee, Forensic Medicine. Asphyxial Deaths. www.dundee.ac.uk. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Reston, James Jr. Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors. Doubleday, 2005. ISBN 0-385-50848-4.
^ Pine Rest's new unit for mental illness and addiction reflects 'different philosophy' in patient care, Michigan, 1 Oct 2012, Toms, S., Retrieved on 18 October 2012.
^ Anti-ligature fixtures, Anti-Ligature Fixtures, United States, Neagoe, A., 29 June 2010, Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Anti Ligature Bathrooms", Bem Builders, East Sussex, 16 May 2005, Bem, J., Retrieved 18 October 2012.

References

Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006). Judo Unleashed. ISBN 0-07-147534-6. Basic reference on judo choking techniques.

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