WordNet

the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage
(pathology) constriction of a body part so as to cut off the flow of blood or other fluid; "strangulation of the intestine"
punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them; "the economic strangulation of the Jews by the Nazi Party"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/19 21:41:26」(JST)

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"Strangulation" redirects here. For strangulation in medicine, see Strangulating.

"Strangle" redirects here. For the options strategy, see Strangle (options).

A cheetah strangling an impala, Timbavati Game Reserve, South Africa

Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain.^[1] Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and as the auxiliary lethal mechanism in hangings in the event the neck does not break. Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems.

Further information: chokehold

Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:^[2]

Hanging—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
Ligature strangulation—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrote
Manual strangulation—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity

General

The neck contains several vulnerable targets for compression including the carotid arteries.

Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:^[3]

Compression of the carotid arteries or jugular veins—causing cerebral ischemia.
Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx, or trachea—causing asphyxia.
Stimulation of the carotid sinus reflex—causing bradycardia, hypotension, or both.

Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism.^[4] Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death,^[5] but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries.^[6] Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm², while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm².^[7] As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation.^[4] Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.^[3]^[8] The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied ^[9] to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.^[3]

Manual strangulation

Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") refers to strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities (sometimes also with blunt objects such as batons). In violence, this type of strangling is mostly done by men against women rather than against another man, because it generally requires disparity in physical strength between the assailant and the victim.^[3] Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx,^[3] and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck.^[4] In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.^[3] More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as chokeholds, and are extensively practiced and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like Judo and Jiu Jitsu strangles or chokes are regarded as a safe way to render the opponent unconscious as opposed to other attacks e.g. strikes to the head. While some strangles can be done by lifting the other person in the air, off their toes, pinned against a wall, or naturally lifted off the ground which requires physical strength, many technical strangles such as Rear naked choke (hadaka-jime) or triangle choke (sankaku-jime) requires much less physical strength and can be executed by a smaller person on a larger assailant.

Ligature strangulation

Ligature strangulation (also known as "garroting") refers to strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, or shoe laces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.^[10] Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own bodyweight.^[4] Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time,^[4] with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.^[10] Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly,^[4] but accidents and suicides occur as well.^[11] During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé.^[12] Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. This action was made public in the film The Godfather, and since then has grown even more "popular" with mobsters.^{[citation needed]}

Anti-Ligature

Anti-ligature is the prevention of tying or binding. Anti-ligature devices are used to prevent vulnerable people from accidentally or intentionally self harming, (typically hanging).^[13] Anti-ligature devices and equipment are primarily used where people are considered to be 'at risk' such as hospitals, institutions and nursing homes, but can also be found in some offices and schools.

They are designed to withstand high levels of abuse and as a result are constructed from solid stainless steel and have minimal moving parts.They typically feature sloped or curved corners to which nothing can be attached and is proportioned at specific critical angles and linear values with no protruding parts to prevent ligature points. ^[14]

Examples of anti-ligature devices can include electronically controlled tap-less wash basins and seat-less WC pans with concealed WC cisterns and anti-ligature shower controls and shower heads.^[15]

Notes

Look up strangling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

^ Ernoehazy, William; Ernoehazy,WS. Hanging Injuries and Strangulation. www.emedicine.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Strack, Gael; McClane, George. How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. www.polaroid.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jones, Richard. Asphyxia, Strangulation. www.forensicmed.co.uk. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ferris, J.A.J. Asphyxia. www.pathology.ubc.ca. URL's last accessed March 1, 2006 (DOC format)
^ Koiwai, Karl. How Safe is Choking in Judo?. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. Death from law enforcement neck holds. www.charlydmiller.com.URL last accessed March 3, 2006
^ Gunther, Wendy. On Chokes (Medical), with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. www.aikiweb.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Passig,K. Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history. www.datenschlag.org. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
^ Koiwai, Karl. Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza). judoinfo.com URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Turvey, Brent (1996). A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. www.corpus-delicti.com. URL last accessed March 1, 2006.
^ University of Dundee, Forensic Medicine. Asphyxial Deaths. www.dundee.ac.uk. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Reston, James Jr. Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors. Doubleday, 2005. ISBN 0-385-50848-4.
^ Toms, Sue", Pine Rest's new unit for mental illness and addiction reflects 'different philosophy' in patient care, Michigan, 01 Oct 2012. Retrieved on 18 October 2012.
^ Neagoe, Alexandru. ", ANTI-LIGATURE FIXTURES, USA, 29 June 2010. Retrieved on 18 October 2012.
^ Bem, James. "Anti Ligature Bathrooms", Bem Builders, East Sussex, 16 May 2005. Retrieved on 18 October 2012.

References

Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006). Judo Unleashed. ISBN 0-07-147534-6. Basic reference on judo choking techniques.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における「窒息ゲーム」およびその他の首絞め行動 the choking game and other strangulation activities in children and adolescents
2. 配偶者などからの暴力：診断およびスクリーニング intimate partner violence diagnosis and screening
3. 鈍的脳血管損傷：機序、検査、および診断的評価 blunt cerebrovascular injury mechanisms screening and diagnostic evaluation
4. 成人における機械的小腸閉塞の疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis of mechanical small bowel obstruction in adults
5. 成人における機械的小腸閉塞のマネージメントの概要 overview of management of mechanical small bowel obstruction in adults

English Journal

Liver transplantation with grafts from donors who die from suicide by hanging: a matched cohort study.

Hoti E1, Levesque E, Sebagh M, Heneghan HM, Khalfallah M, Castaing D, Azoulay D.
Transplantation.Transplantation.2014 Dec 15;98(11):1236-43. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000201.
INTRODUCTION: Hanging is a common method of suicide globally, and the incidence is increasing at an alarming rate. The purpose of this study was to analyze our experience with the use of liver grafts from donors whose cause of death is suicidal hanging and to evaluate the outcome of the graft recipi
PMID 24933455

Accidental deaths by hanging among children in istanbul, Turkey: retrospective analysis of medicolegal autopsies in 33 years.

Kumral B1, Ozdes T, Avsar A, Buyuk Y.
The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.Am J Forensic Med Pathol.2014 Dec;35(4):271-4. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000118.
Hanging is a type of strangulation by means of rope or any other similar material. This kind of ligature strangulation occurs by weight of the body dragging due to gravity and applying force to the neck. Hanging almost never occurs by accident, but occurs mostly as a way to commit suicide.A total nu
PMID 25310372

Analysis of laryngeal fractures in decomposed bodies using microfocus computed tomography (mfCT).

Kettner M1, Potente S, Schulz B, Knauff P, Schmidt PH, Ramsthaler F.
Forensic science, medicine, and pathology.Forensic Sci Med Pathol.2014 Dec;10(4):607-12. doi: 10.1007/s12024-014-9584-1. Epub 2014 Aug 15.
Postmortem computed tomography (CT) is now routinely performed in forensic autopsies. Microfocus computed tomography (mfCT) has attracted recent attention because it can provide more detailed information than routine postmortem CT can. This feasibility study evaluated the usefulness of mfCT for exam
PMID 25119240

Application of a Socio-Ecological Model to Mother-Infant Bed-Sharing.

Salm Ward TC1, Doering JJ2.
Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.Health Educ Behav.2014 Dec;41(6):577-589. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
Mother-infant bed-sharing has been associated with an increased risk of sleep-related infant deaths, and thus, health messaging has aimed to discourage this behavior. Despite this messaging, bed-sharing remains a common practice in the United States, especially among minority families. Moreover, rat
PMID 25121982