WordNet

a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs (as with food or swelling of the larynx)
the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe; "no evidence that the choking was done by the accused" (同)strangling, strangulation, throttling
the condition of being deprived of oxygen (as by having breathing stopped); "asphyxiation is sometimes used as a form of torture" (同)asphyxiation
killing by depriving of oxygen (同)asphyxiation
a condition in which insufficient or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on a ventilatory basis; caused by choking or drowning or electric shock or poison gas

PrepTutorEJDIC

窒息
息詰まるような,窒息させる,息苦しい / (感動で)むせぶような
窒息
(血液中の酸素不足のために起こる)失神状態,窒息
…'を'窒息[死]させる / 窒息[死]する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/10 08:57:57」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Smother" and "Suffocation" redirect here. For other uses, see Smother (disambiguation) and Suffocation (disambiguation).

Asphyxia or asphyxiation (from Greek α- "without" and σφύξις sphyxis, "heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can induce asphyxia, all of which are characterized by an inability of an individual to acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time. These circumstances can include but are not limited to: the constriction or obstruction of airways, such as from asthma, laryngospasm, or simple blockage from the presence of foreign materials; from being in environments where oxygen is not readily accessible: such as underwater, in a low oxygen atmosphere, or in a vacuum; environments where sufficiently oxygenated air is present, but cannot be adequately breathed due to air contamination such as excessive smoke. Asphyxia can cause coma or death.

Oxygen deficiency

The body creates the need to breathe from the excess carbon dioxide in the blood. The body has chemosensors to detect oxygen levels in the blood, but these don't typically control respiratory rate. Many gases, though non-toxic, are classified as simple asphyxiants in their pure form or in high concentrations for this very reason.

One form of asphyxiation is from entering a low oxygen atmosphere or an inert atmosphere, such as in a food oil tank that has a covering blanket of nitrogen or argon to shield the oil from atmospheric oxygen. Without sufficient oxygen to sustain life, people will act normally at first but will then abruptly feel dizzy and black out in a matter of seconds as the remaining oxygen in the blood stream is consumed. Oxygen deficient atmospheres are the basis for many occurrences of single and multiple deaths; the deceased will be found lying prone on the bottom of a tank, and then the observer will rush in to rescue them, and succumb to the same effect, hence the need to vent or purge the inert gases from all tanks before entry.^{[citation needed]}

Other causes of oxygen deficiency include:

Carbon monoxide inhalation, such as from a car exhaust: carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood's red blood corpuscles, bonding with it tenaciously, and, in the process, displacing oxygen and preventing the blood from transporting oxygen around the body
Contact with certain chemicals, including pulmonary agents (such as phosgene) and blood agents (such as hydrogen cyanide)
Self-induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation, as in shallow water or deep water blackout and the choking game
A seizure which stops breathing activity
Sleep apnea
Drug overdose
Ondine's curse, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, or primary alveolar hypoventilation, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system in which a patient must consciously breathe; although it is often said that persons with this disease will die if they fall asleep, this is not usually the case
Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Exposure to extreme low pressure or vacuum to the pattern
Hanging
Respitory dieases
Drowning

Symptoms

N/A

Treatment

Smothering

"Smother" redirects here. For the 2008 film, see Smother (film).

Smothering is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag.^[1] Smothering can be either partial or complete, where partial indicates that the person being smothered is able to inhale some air, although less than required. In a normal situation, smothering requires at least partial obstruction of both the nasal cavities and the mouth to lead to asphyxia. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering.

In some cases, when performing certain routines, smothering is combined with simultaneous compressive asphyxia. One example is overlay, in which an adult accidentally rolls over an infant during co-sleeping, an accident that often goes unnoticed and is mistakenly thought to be sudden infant death syndrome.^[1] Other accidents involving a similar mechanism are cave-ins or when an individual is buried in sand or grain.

In homicidal cases, the term burking is often ascribed to a killing method that involves simultaneous smothering and compression of the torso.^[2] The term "burking" comes from the method William Burke and William Hare used to kill their victims during the West Port murders. They killed the usually-intoxicated victims by sitting on their chests and suffocating them by putting a hand over their nose and mouth, while using the other hand to push the victim's jaw up. The corpses had no visible injuries, and were supplied to medical schools for money.^{[citation needed]}

Compressive asphyxia

The knee-on-belly position compresses the chest, making it difficult for the person on the bottom to breathe.

Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) is mechanically limiting expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, hence interfering with breathing. Compressive asphyxia occurs when the chest or abdomen is compressed posteriorly.^[3] In accidents, the term traumatic asphyxia or crush asphyxia is usually used to describe compressive asphyxia resulting from being crushed or pinned under a large weight or force. An example of traumatic asphyxia includes cases where an individual has been using a car-jack to repair a car from below, and is crushed under the weight of the vehicle.^[2] Pythons, anacondas, and other constrictor snakes kill through compressive asphyxia. In cases of co-sleeping ("overlay"), the weight of an adult or large child may compress an infant's chest, preventing proper expansion of the chest. Risk factors include large or obese adults, parental fatigue or impairment (sedation by drugs or alcohol) of the cosleeping adult and a small shared sleeping space (for example, both adult and infant sharing a couch).

In fatal crowd disasters, compressive asphyxia from being crushed against the crowd causes the large part of the deaths, rather than blunt trauma from trampling. This is what occurred at the Ibrox disaster in 1971, where 66 Rangers fans died; the 1979 The Who concert disaster where 11 died; the Luzhniki disaster in 1982, when 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans lost their life; and at the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, when 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death in an overcrowded terrace. In confined spaces, people push and lean against each other; evidence from bent steel railings in several fatal crowd accidents have shown horizontal forces over 4500 N (equivalent to a weight of approximately 450 kg, or 1014 lbs). In cases where people have stacked up on each other forming a human pile, estimations have been made of around 380 kg (838 lbs) of compressive weight in the lowest layer.^[4]

The cause of death of the detainees who have been restrained and left prone, for example in police vehicles, and cannot move into safer positions, has been referred to as "positional asphyxia". "Restraint asphyxia" is a term used to describe the death of people who have died, or lost consciousness (to die later in a coma from anoxic brain damage), while being restrained in positions that cause asphyxia by facial compression, neck compression or chest compression. Most occur during law enforcement or psychiatric restraint situations. It may be that the "positional asphyxia" deaths of detainees are actually active chest compression deaths caused by the weight of restrainers holding uncooperative detainees down in a prone position during the process of being handcuffed and otherwise secured. Thus, the passive deaths following custody restraint presumed to be due to positional asphyxia after being secured by mechanical restraints may actually be examples of active restraint asphyxia occurring during the process of placing restraints.

Chest compression is also featured in various grappling combat sports, where it is sometimes called wringing. Such techniques are used either to tire the opponent or as complementary or distractive moves in combination with pinning holds,^[5] or sometimes even as submission holds. Examples of chest compression include the knee-on-stomach position, or techniques such as leg scissors (also referred to as body scissors and in budō referred to as do-jime,^[6] 胴絞, "trunk strangle" or "body triangle")^[7] where you wrap the legs around the opponent's midsection and squeeze them together.^[8]

Pressing is a form of torture or execution that works through asphyxia.

Perinatal asphyxia

Main article: Perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm. It results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or interference during delivery with blood flow to the infant's brain. This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation.^{[citation needed]}

Nitrogen asphyxiation

Main article: Nitrogen asphyxiation

Nitrogen asphyxiation is an occasional cause of accidental death and a theoretical method of capital punishment. After just two or three breaths of pure nitrogen, the oxygen concentration in the lungs would be low enough for some oxygen already in the bloodstream to exchange back to the lungs and be eliminated by exhalation. Crude simulation of oxygen transport through the lungs and blood stream suggests that the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood would be about 50 percent of saturation 1 minute after switching gases and would reach zero within 3 minutes.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Ferris, J.A.J. Asphyxia. www.pathology.ubc.ca. URL's last accessed March 1, 2006 (DOC format)
^ ^a ^b DiMaio, Vincent; DiMaio, Dominick (2001). Forensic Pathology, Second Edition. Selected Pages from CHAPTER 8 and from Deaths Occurring Following the Application of Choke or Carotid Holds. www.charlydmiller.com. URL last accessed March 2, 2006.
^ Jones, Richard. Strangulation. www.forensicmed.co.uk. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
^ Fruin, John. The Causes and Prevention of Crowd Disasters. www.crowddynamics.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
^ Ohlenkamp, Neil Principles of Judo Choking Techniques. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed on March 3, 2006
^ Do-jime is a prohibited technique in Judo, (The Kodokan Judo Institute. Kodokan.Org classification of techniques. www.kodokan.org. URL last accessed March 4, 2006.) and is considered a 'slight infringement' according to IJF rules, Section 27: Prohibited acts and penalties, article 21. It should not be confused with do-osae, which is a colloquial term for the guard position.
^ International Judo Federation. IJF Referee Rules. www.ijf.org. URL last accessed March 6, 2006
^ Lewis, Bill. Katsuhiko Kashiwazaki - Shimewaza (Book Review). www.bjj.org. URL last accessed March 4, 2006.

External links

Look up smother in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cross-side to chest compression choke

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における”窒息ゲーム”およびその他の首絞め行動 the choking game and other strangulation activities in children and adolescents
2. SIDSを含む乳児の予期せぬ死亡：初期マネージメント sudden unexpected infant death including sids initial management
3. 苦痛緩和のための鎮静 palliative sedation
4. てんかんにおける突然の予期せぬ死亡 sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
5. 致命的なアナフィラキシー fatal anaphylaxis

English Journal

Magnesium sulfate treatment decreases the initial brain damage alterations produced after perinatal asphyxia in fetal lambs.

Goñi-de-Cerio F, Alvarez A, Lara-Celador I, Alvarez FJ, Alonso-Alconada D, Hilario E.SourceDepartment of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain. goni@gaiker.es.
Journal of neuroscience research.J Neurosci Res.2012 Oct;90(10):1932-40. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23091. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of MgSO(4) treatment in the brain after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in premature fetal lambs. Injury was induced by partial occlusion of umbilical cord for 60 min, and then the preterm lambs (80-90% of gestation) were randomly assigned to one of the f
PMID 22714899

Traumatic asphyxial deaths in car crush: Report of 3 autopsy cases.

Pathak H, Borkar J, Dixit P, Shrigiriwar M.SourceDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 003, India.
Forensic science international.Forensic Sci Int.2012 Sep 10;221(1-3):e21-4. Epub 2012 May 5.
Traumatic asphyxia is a rare syndrome due to compression of thorax, abdomen or both. The diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia is based on typical findings consisting of cervico-facial congestion with swelling, multiple petechial hemorrhages in skin and conjunctiva with a history of traumatic compression.
PMID 22565113