WordNet

make holes in
a fault; "he shot holes in my argument"
an unoccupied space
one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course; "he played 18 holes" (同)golf hole
an opening deliberately made in or through something
a depression hollowed out of solid matter (同)hollow
an opening into or through something
hit the ball into the hole (同)hole out
a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision (同)macula_lutea, macular_area, yellow_spot

PrepTutorEJDIC

(壁などにあいた)『穴』,割れ目;(衣類などの)破れ穴,裂け目;(道路などにできた)くぼみ,へこみ / (動物の住む)巣穴 / 《話》あばら家 / (議論・計画などの)欠点(fault) / 《話》窮地,苦境 / ホール(ゴルフで球を打ち込む穴);(球をホールに入れた)得点 / 〈物〉‘に'穴をあける(掘る) / (ゴルフで)〈球〉‘を'打ってホールに入れる(ゴルフで)球を打ってホールに入れる《+『out』》
ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/29 12:35:05」(JST)

wiki en

A macular hole is a small break in the macula, located in the center of the eye's light-sensitive tissue called the retina.

Diagnosis

Macular degeneration is a condition affecting the tissues lying under the retina, while a macular hole involves damage from within the eye, at the junction between the vitreous and the retina itself. There is no relationship between the two diseases. Depending upon the degree of attachment or traction between the vitreous and the retina, there may be risk of developing a macular hole in the other eye. In those cases where the vitreous has already become separated from the retinal surface, there is very little chance of developing a macular hole in the other eye. On the other hand, when the vitreous remains adherent and pulling on the macular region in both eyes, then there may be a greater risk of developing a hole in the second eye. In very rare instances, trauma or other conditions lead to the development of a macular hole. In the vast majority of cases, however, macular holes develop spontaneously. As a result, there is no known way to prevent their development through any nutritional or chemical means, nor is there any way to know who is at risk for developing a hole prior to its appearance in one or both eyes. ^[1]

Causes

The eye contains a jelly-like substance called the vitreous. Shrinking of the vitreous usually causes the hole. As a person ages, the vitreous becomes watery and begins to pull away from the retina. If the vitreous is firmly attached to the retina when it pulls away, a hole can result.^[2]

Symptoms

If the vitreous is firmly attached to the retina when it pulls away, it can tear the retina and create a macular hole. Also, once the vitreous has pulled away from the surface of the retina, some of the fibers can remain on the retinal surface and can contract. This increases tension on the retina and can lead to a macular hole. In either case, the fluid that has replaced the shrunken vitreous can then seep through the hole onto the macula, blurring and distorting central vision.^[3]

References

^ "Macular Hole". Retrieved 2008-06-19.
^ "Eye Disorders -- Macular Hole". Retrieved 2008-06-19. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Facts About Macular Hole". Retrieved 2008-06-19.

External links

Macular Hole Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI).

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 加齢黄斑変性：治療および予防 age related macular degeneration treatment and prevention
2. 網膜剥離 retinal detachment
3. 加齢黄斑変性：臨床像、病因、および診断 age related macular degeneration clinical presentation etiology and diagnosis
4. 成人における白内障 cataract in adults
5. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia

English Journal

Macular slippage after macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Nakagomi T, Goto T, Tateno Y, Oshiro T, Iijima H.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi , Japan.
Current eye research.Curr Eye Res.2013 Dec;38(12):1255-60. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811261. Epub 2013 Jul 25.
Abstract Purpose: To describe macular slippage toward the optic disc after macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. Materials and methods: A total of 27 eyes of 27 patients with idiopathic macular hole were included in this retrospective study. The fovea-to-disc distance (
PMID 23885921

Persistent outer retinal fluid following non-posturing surgery for idiopathic macular hole.

Rahman R, Oxley L, Stephenson J.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Calderdale Royal Hospital, , Halifax, UK.
The British journal of ophthalmology.Br J Ophthalmol.2013 Nov;97(11):1451-4. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303226. Epub 2013 Aug 20.
AIM: To present the anatomical and visual outcomes of patients with hypo-reflective cystic defects in outer fovea (outer foveal defect; OFD) in macular holes repaired with non-posturing vitrectomy and short term gas tamponade. To identify the incidence and risk factors for developing OFD foveal defe
PMID 23962658

Femtosecond laser-induced macular hole followed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Cho A, Sakai T, Akiyama G, Tsuneoka H.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2013 Nov;41(8):812-5. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12100. Epub 2013 Apr 11.
PMID 23448512

Japanese Journal

強度近視の眼合併症に対する小切開硝子体手術

生野恭司,浅井智子,矢野晋作 [他]
日本眼科学会雑誌 116(12), 1130-1136, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019524762

臨床報告特発性黄斑円孔術後早期のガス下における光干渉断層計撮影 : うつぶせなしとうつぶせ1日の比較

八木文彦,高木誠二,榎本暢子 [他]
眼科 54(12), 1807-1812, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019496292

特発性黄斑上膜,特発性黄斑円孔における硝子体手術前後の中心窩下脈絡膜厚の変化

藤原篤之,白神千恵子,福田恒輝 [他]
日本眼科学会雑誌 116(11), 1080-1085, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019488073

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「黄斑円孔」「retinal hole」「retinal tear」「retinal break」「retinal perforation」
関連記事	「macular」「hole」「macul」