出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2020/04/13 03:26:09」(JST)
A low-fiber/low-residue diet is a diet whose goal is fewer and smaller bowel movements each day. The diet may be used as part of the bowel preparation before a diagnostic procedure such as colonoscopy or as a short-term therapy for acute stages of gastrointestinal illnesses such as Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, and ulcerative colitis. In addition, a low-fiber diet is often prescribed before and/or after abdominal surgery or cancer treatments.
Almost all low-fiber/low-residue diets make the following recommendations:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
| Food type | Eat/Drink | Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| Grains | Breads and other baked goods made from refined white flour | Whole grain breads and baked goods |
| Cold cereals made from refined flours, such as cornflakes and rice krispies | Whole grain cereals such as bran flakes | |
| White rice, noodles, refined pasta | Brown rice, whole wheat pasta, and other whole grain foods | |
| Fruits | Fruit juices without pulp, except prune juice | Juices with pulp or seed, prune juice |
| Soft fruits such as bananas and melons | Dried fruits, berries | |
| Canned or well-cooked fruit | Coconuts, popcorn | |
| Vegetables | Vegetable juices without pulp | Juices with pulp or seed |
| Potatoes without skin | Potato skins | |
| Canned or well-cooked vegetables | ||
| Meat, Other Protein | Well-cooked tender meat, fish, poultry, eggs | Tough meat, meat with gristle |
| Beans, peas, legumes, nuts | ||
| Dairy | Milk | All dairy if lactose intolerant |
| Soft, mild cheeses | Strong cheeses | |
| Plain yoghurt | Yoghurt or cheese containing nuts, berries, raw fruit | |
| Oils | Vegetable oils, margarine, butter | Fried foods |
A low-fiber diet is not a no-fiber diet. A 2015 review article recommends less than 10 grams of fiber per day.[13] Other sources recommend that a patient on a low-fiber diet eat no more than 10-15 grams of fiber per day.[5][6] Some sources recommend serving sizes that contain no more than 2 grams per serving.[6][7]
Some diets recommend limiting servings of baked goods to 2 grams per serving.[6][9] Other diets recommend limiting these servings to just 1 gram per serving.[8][10] Most diets also recommend eating warm cereals such as cream of wheat, cream of rice, grits, and farina.[3][7][9][11]
Some diets allow additional raw fruits such as very soft apricot, canned fruit cocktail, grapes, peaches, papayas, plums, or citrus fruits without membrane,[1][2][3][4][5][6][11] but two rule out all raw fruits.[7][10] Some allow applesauce, other fruit sauces, or peeled and well-cooked apples.[1][3][6][9]
Many diets specifically recommend tomato sauce[1][2][3][9] and prohibit pickles.[1][2][3][4][6][9][12] Two diets actually limit the well-cooked vegetables to yellow squash without seeds, green beans, wax beans, spinach, pumpkin, eggplant, asparagus, beets, and carrots.[2][6] Two diets allow some raw vegetables: lettuce, cucumber (without seeds), and zucchini,[5][6] and one allows raw onion.[5]
Some diets allow smooth peanut butter[6][11] or smooth nut butters.[9][7] Some diets allow tofu.[6][7][8][11]
Some diets limit dairy to 2 cups per day.[2][5][11] One diet allows 1.5 ounces (40 g) of hard cheese.[6] Several diets allow pudding or custard,[6][8][10][12] sherbet,[3][9][7][11][12] whipped cream,[6][11] or ice cream.[3][4][9][8][10][12] A couple of diets suggest specific lactose-free products for the lactose intolerant, such as soy milk or whipped cream.[6][7] One diet prohibits whole milk, half and half, cream, sour cream, and regular ice cream.[9]
Some diets allow mayonnaise,[3][6][9][7][10][11][12] ketchup,[3][9] sour cream,[3][8][12] cream cheese,[7] smooth sauces and salad dressings,[3][6][8][10][11][12] plain gravies,[11][12] or whipped cream.[6][11] Several diets allow jelly, honey, and syrup.[3][10][12] Many prohibit jam, marmalade, and preserves.[2][3][4][9][10][12]
Several diets prohibit highly spiced food,[1][3][4][5][6] but some allow spices, cooked herbs, and seasonings.[9][10][12]
Several diets specifically prohibit caffeine[1][3][5][9] (two of these allow decaffeinated coffee, tea, and other drinks),[3][9] but some allow coffee, tea, and carbonated drinks.[11][12]
If the diet must be strict and followed over a long period of time, the intake of fruits and vegetables may not provide adequate amounts of vitamin C and folic acid. The quantity of calcium may also be inadequate if dairy products are restricted. In these cases, a multivitamin supplement or liquid nutritional supplement may be needed.[1][2]
A low-fiber diet may be used to prepare for or recover from various medical procedures:[1][2][4][6]
A low-fiber diet may also be used during acute stages of the following conditions, to rest the bowels:[1][2][4][6]
The most common preparation for a colonoscopy is a clear liquid diet accompanied by laxatives. However, this may not be the most effective preparation. A 2015 guideline issued by The Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends using a low-residue diet instead, also accompanied by laxatives,[14] because of evidence that it performs at least as well for bowel cleansing and is associated with better patient satisfaction.[15][16]
Various guides to low-fiber diets suggest their use for short-term management of Crohn's disease, but there is little research to support this.[5] A 2016 review of the research found that a semi-elemental whey hydrolyzed protein (WHP) diet is superior for treatment of Crohn's disease.[17]
While a low-fiber diet is generally used for acute diverticulitis, the NIH guidelines recommend a high-fiber diet for patients with diverticulosis (a condition that may lead to diverticulitis).[18] A Mayo Clinic review from 2011 showed that a high-fiber diet can prevent diverticular disease.[19]
In preparation for long-duration toiletless military flights, the crew is sometimes instructed to have a low-residue meal as their last meal before the flight. For example, this was the case with Blackbird pilots.[20]
Most sources treat low-fiber and low-residue diets as identical, but some make a distinction based on the difference between fiber and residue. Dietary fiber is the indigestible part of food made from plants. Residue includes not only fiber but also other materials found in the colon after digestion. When this distinction is made, a low-fiber diet simply reduces fiber intake by eliminating or limiting high-fiber foods such as raw fruits and vegetables. A low-residue diet includes restrictions on foods such as dairy products, which do not contain fiber but do develop residue after digestion.
The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ removed the low-residue diet from its Nutrition Care Manual because there is no scientifically accepted quantitative definition of residue and there is no method to determine the residue produced by a food.[13][21][22]
This narrative review focuses on defining the similarities and/or discrepancies between low-residue and low-fiber diets and on the diagnostic and therapeutic values of these diets in gastrointestinal disease management.
This is one of a series of documents discussing the use of GI endoscopy in common clinical situations. The Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy prepared this document that updates a previously issued consensus statement and a technology status evaluation report on this topic
Meant for quick retrieval of vital information regarding the management of nutritional issues in patients with gastroenterological problems--either primary or as the consequence of other medical disorders, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity. The book addresses normal physiology and pathophysiology, and offers chapters on diseases that can lead to specific nutritional problems. The clinical focus is on therapeutic nutrition and dietary management.
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| リンク元 | 「低残渣食」 |
| 関連記事 | 「low」「diet」「die」「dieting」 |