WordNet

enclose in a capsule (同)capsulate, capsulize, capsulise
a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses
a pill in the form of a small rounded gelatinous container with medicine inside
a small container
a structure that encloses a body part
work as an intern; "The young doctor is interning at the Medical Center this year"
an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman is a British term) (同)interne, houseman, medical intern
deprive of freedom; "During WW II, Japanese were interned in camps in the West"
happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface; "internal organs"; "internal mechanism of a toy"; "internal party maneuvering"
occurring within an institution or community; "intragroup squabbling within the corporation" (同)intragroup

PrepTutorEJDIC

小容器;(薬の)カプセル / (植物の)さく / (生物体の)被のう,被膜 / (宇宙ロケットの)カプセル / 小型の;簡約した
(特に戦時中)〈人・船など〉‘を'強制収容する,抑留する
『内側の』,内部にある / 『国内の』(domestic) / 内からとる,内用の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/24 12:04:16」(JST)

wiki en

The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It carries information past the basal nuclei, separating the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons. The internal capsule contains fibres going to and coming from the cerebral cortex.

The corticospinal tract constitutes a large part of the internal capsule, carrying motor information from the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. Above the basal nuclei the corticospinal tract is a part of the corona radiata, below the basal nuclei the tract is called crus cerebri (a part of the cerebral peduncle) and below the pons it is referred to as the corticospinal tract.

Structure

The internal capsule is V-shaped when cut horizontally, in a transverse plane.

When cut horizontally:

the bend in the V is called the genu
the anterior limb or crus anterius is the part in front of the genu, between the head of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus
the posterior limb or crus posterius is the part behind the genu, between the thalamus and lenticular nucleus
the retrolenticular portion is caudal to the lenticular nucleus and carries the optic radiation also known as the geniculocalcarine tract
the sublenticular portion is beneath the lenticular nucleus and are tracts involved in the auditory pathway from the medial geniculate nucleus to the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42)

Genu

The genu is the flexure of the internal capsule. It is formed by fibers from the corticonuclear tracts. The fibers in this region are named the geniculate fibers; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex and, after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves of the opposite side. It contains the corticobulbar tract, which carries upper motor neurons from the motor cortex to cranial nerve nuclei that mainly govern motion of striated muscle in the head and face.

Anterior limb

The anterior limb of internal capsule (or frontal part) contains:

fibers running from the thalamus to the frontal lobe;
fibers connecting the lentiform and caudate nuclei;
fibers connecting the cortex with the corpus striatum; and
fibers passing from the frontal lobe through the medial fifth of the base of the cerebral peduncle to the nuclei pontis.
It contains thalami pontine fibers

Posterior limb

The posterior limb of internal capsule (or occipital part) is the portion of the internal capsule posterior to the genu.

The anterior two-thirds of the occipital part of the internal capsule contains fibers of the corticospinal tract, which arise in the motor area of the cerebral cortex and, passing downward through the middle three-fifths of the base of the cerebral peduncle, are continued into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata.

The posterior third of the occipital part contains:

sensory fibers, largely derived from the thalamus, though some may be continued upward from the medial lemniscus;
the fibers of optic radiation, from the lower visual centers to the cortex of the occipital lobe;
acoustic fibers, from the lateral lemniscus to the temporal lobe; and
fibers which pass from the occipital and temporal lobes to the nuclei pontis.

Blood supply

The superior parts of both the anterior and posterior limbs and the genu of the internal capsule are supplied by the lenticulostriate arteries, which are branches of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery.

The inferior half of the anterior limb is supplied via the recurrent artery of Heubner, which is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery.

The inferior half of the posterior limb is supplied by the anterior choroidal artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

In summary, the blood supply of the internal capsule is

Anterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and recurrent artery of Heubner off of the anterior cerebral artery (inferior half)
Genu: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery
Posterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery branch of the internal carotid artery (inferior half)

As in many parts of the body, some degree of variation in the blood supply exists. For example, thalamoperforator arteries, which are branches of the basilar artery, occasionally supply the inferior half of the posterior limb. Ellis clinical anatomy book says posterior cerebral artery also supply the posterior part of internal capsule

Function

Working anterior to posterior:

The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains:

1) Frontopontine (corticofugal) fibers project from frontal cortex to pons;

2) Thalamocortical fibers (part of the thalamocortical radiations) connect the medial and anterior nuclei of the thalamus to the frontal lobes (these are severed during a prefrontal lobotomy).

The genu contains corticobulbar fibers, which run between the cortex and the brainstem.
The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains corticospinal fibers, sensory fibers (including the medial lemniscus and the anterolateral system) from the body and a few corticobulbar fibers.

Other fibers within the internal capsule

The retrolenticular part contains fibers from the optic system, coming from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. More posteriorly, this becomes the optic radiation. Some fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus (which carry auditory information) also pass in the retrolenticular internal capsule, but most are in the sublenticular part.
The sublenticular part contains fibers connecting with the temporal lobe. These include the auditory radiations and temporopontine fibers.

Clinical significance

The lenticulostriate arteries supply a substantial amount of the internal capsule. These small vessels are particularly vulnerable to narrowing in the setting of chronic hypertension and can result in small, punctate infarctions or intraparenchymal haemorrhage due to vessel rupture.

Lesions of the genu of the internal capsule affect fibers of the corticobulbar tract.

The primary motor cortex sends its axons through the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Lesions, therefore, result in a contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. While symptoms of weakness due to an isolated lesion of the posterior limb can initially be severe, recovery of motor function is sometimes possible due to spinal projections of premotor cortical regions that are contained more rostrally in the internal capsule.

Additional images

Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
Dissection showing the course of the cerebrospinal fibers.
Diagram of the tracts in the internal capsule.

References

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "internal capsule" at the BrainMaps project
hier-180 at NeuroNames
Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-2 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

A novel capsular tension ring as local sustained-release carrier for preventing posterior capsule opacification.

Lei M1, Peng Z1, Dong Q1, He Y1, Zhang Z1, Zhang X1, Yan M1, Zhao C2.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2016 May;89:148-56. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.038. Epub 2016 Feb 26.
One of the most important and challenging goals in pharmaceutical prevention for posterior capsule opacification is to preserve an effective drug concentration in capsular bag for a long period without affecting the patients' vision. Here, a novel kind of composite, which was prepared by 2-hydroxyet
PMID 26970509

Brain morphological alterations and cellular metabolic changes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: A combined DARTEL-based VBM and (1)H-MRS study.

Moon CM1, Jeong GW2.
Magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging.2016 May;34(4):429-36. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.12.017. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by emotional dysregulation and cognitive deficit in conjunction with brain morphometric and metabolic alterations. This study assessed the combined neural morphological deficits and metabolic abnormality in patients with GAD. Thirteen patients with
PMID 26708039

Statistical tools and control of internal lubricant content of inhalation grade HPMC capsules during manufacture.

Ayala G1, Díez F2, Gassó MT3, Jones BE4, Martín-Portugués R5, Ramiro-Aparicio J6.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2016 Apr 30;503(1-2):36-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.017. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
The internal lubricant content (ILC) of inhalation grade HPMC capsules is a key factor to ensure good powder release when the patient inhales a medicine from a dry powder inhaler (DPI). Powder release from capsules has been shown to be influenced by the ILC. The characteristics used to measure this
PMID 26899981

Japanese Journal

体内ロボット用非接触給電における周波数と給電領域の検討

水間淳一郎,後藤徳仁,卜穎剛 [他],水野勉
日本AEM学会誌 23(1), 144-150, 2015
… Research on the robot inside the body equipped with various features, such as therapeutic function and self-propelled capability within the capsule endoscope is performed. … Research on Wireless Power Transfer for robot inside the body to act sufficient in the body is performed, because internal battery has a limit of the capacity. …
NAID 130005073647

Usefulness of Small Intestinal Endoscopy in a Case of Adult-onset Familial Mediterranean Fever Associated with Jejunoileitis

, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Internal
… Capsule and double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) showed petal-shaped mucosal redness with white hemming in the jejunum and ileum, and histopathology of the biopsy specimens revealed villous atrophy and cryptitis with extensive severe neutrophil infiltration. … To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the findings of small intestinal endoscopic images obtained using capsule and DBE. …
NAID 130005072944

Does restriction of glenohumeral horizontal adduction reflect posterior capsule thickening of the throwing shoulder?

, , , , , , , , ,
Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(5), 1299-1302, 2015
… [Purpose] Glenohumeral posterior capsule tightness possibly relates to posterior capsule thickness (PCT). … The purpose of the current study was to analyze the relationships between PCT and glenohumeral range of motion (ROM) in horizontal adduction (HAdd) and internal rotation (IR). …
NAID 130005072236

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「内包」
関連記事	「internal」「intern」「capsule」

「内包」

Internal capsule
	Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere. (Capsula interna labeled at upper left.)
	The motor tract.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	capsula interna
NeuroNames	hier-180
NeuroLex ID	Internal capsule
Dorlands; /Elsevier	c_07/12211417
TA	A14.1.09.524
FMA	61950
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: internal capsule (KH)
ラ: capsula interna
同: 内嚢

図：KL.751(体部位局在)

内包

尾状核と被殻+淡蒼球の間を、白質からなる包みである内包が隔てている (PT.112)
内包は外側のレンズ核と内側の尾状核および視床との間にある、大きい線維束の集団で、その大部分は下方に集まって大脳脚に移行する。内包は大脳半球の水平断は広く開いたV字形を呈し、その尖端が内側方に向かう。これに前脚、膝および後脚の３部が区別される。内包では種々の長い上行性ならびに下行性の投射路が密集して通過し、しかもここはしばしば出血を起こしやすい所である（脳出血） (http://web.sc.itc.keio.ac.jp/~funatoka/cerebrum/cerebrum8c.html)