WordNet

to go or travel towards; "where is she heading"; "We were headed for the mountains"
the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head; "he is two heads taller than his little sister"; "his horse won by a head"
the pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam"
the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a persons head; "call heads or tails!"
a projection out from one end; "the head of the nail", "a pinhead is the head of a pin"
a single domestic animal; "200 head of cattle"
the striking part of a tool; "the head of the hammer"
the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains; "he stuck his head out the window" (同)caput
a person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation" (同)chief, top_dog
(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent (同)head word
a rounded compact mass; "the head of a comet"
a user of (usually soft) drugs; "the office was full of secret heads"
an individual person; "tickets are $5 per head"
that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container; "the beer had a large head of foam"
the front of a military formation or procession; "the head of the column advanced boldly"; "they were at the head of the attack"
the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint; "the head of the humerus"
the top of something; "the head of the stairs"; "the head of the page"; "the head of the list"
be the first or leading member of (a group) and excel; "This student heads the class" (同)head up
be in charge of; "Who is heading this project?" (同)lead
be in the front of or on top of; "The list was headed by the name of the president"
form a head or come or grow to a head; "The wheat headed early this year"
remove the head of; "head the fish"
take its rise; "These rivers head from a mountain range in the Himalayas"
of leafy vegetables; having formed into a head; "headed cabbages"
having a head of a specified kind or anything that serves as a head; often used in combination; "headed bolts"; "three-headed Cerberus"; "a cool-headed fighter pilot"
having a heading or caption; "a headed column"; "headed notepaper"
having a heading or course in a certain direction; "westward headed wagons"
the size of something as given by the distance around it (同)perimeter
the length of the closed curve of a circle
the boundary line encompassing an area or object; "he had walked the full circumference of his land"; "a danger to all races over the whole circumference of the globe" (同)circuit
the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; "the heading seemed to have little to do with the text" (同)header, head

PrepTutorEJDIC

(顔を含めた)『頭』,頭部,首;(髪の生えている部分の)頭 / 『頭脳』,頭の働き,知力,才能;理性 / 『長』,指導者,支配者 / (ある物の)頭,上部,先端,先頭 / (川・泉の)源,水源 / (人・動物の)頭数,一人,1頭 / 『首席』,首位 / 《複数形で》(頭像のある)貨幣の表 / 項目,表題(新聞の)見出し / 《米俗》マリファナ常用者 / 長の,指導者の / …‘の'先頭に立つ,‘を'率いる;…‘の'長である / (…の方へ)…‘を'向ける《+『名』+『for』(『toward』)+『名』》 / (サッカーで)〈ボール〉‘を'頭で受ける,ヘディングする / (…に向かって)進む《+for(toward)+名》・「give a head」で「オーラルセックスをする・相手の性器をなめる」
頭[部]のある,見出しのある / (キャベツなどが)結球した / 《複合語を作って》「…の頭を持つ」「頭が…の」の意を表す
外周,(特に)円周
彼は,彼が / 《指す人の性別が分からないか,または分かる必要のない場合に》その人,あの人,自分 / 《he who(that)の形で》《文》…するものはだれでも / (動物の)おす(雄)
鬼ごっこ(tag,tick,tig)
(章・節などの)表題,見出し

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/13 20:04:11」(JST)

wiki en

In human anatomy, the head is the upper portion of the human body. It supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain.

Structure

Anatomy of the human head

The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion surrounding the bony skull, within which sits the brain. The head rests on the neck, and is provided bony support for movement by the seven cervical vertebrae.

The face is the anterior part of the head, containing the sensory organs the eyes, nose and mouth. The cheeks, on either side of the mouth, provide a fleshy border to the oral cavity. To either side of the head sit the ears.

Innervation

The twelve pairs of cranial nerves provide the majority of nervous control to the head. The sensation to the face is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve, a cranial nerve. The sensation to other portions of the head is provided by the cervical nerves.

Blood supply

The head receives blood supply through the internal and external carotid arteries. These supply the area outside of the skull (external carotid artery) and inside of the skull (internal carotid artery). The area inside the skull also receives blood supply from the vertebral arteries, which travel up through the cervical vertebrae .

Function

The head contains numerous sensory organs, including the eyes, ears, nose and mouth. It contains the brain and some eyes.

Society and culture

For humans, the head and particularly the face are the main distinguishing feature between different people, due to their easily discernible features such as hair and eye color, nose, eye and mouth shapes, wrinkles, etc. The human head typically weighs between 5 and 11 lbs. Human faces are easily differentiable to us due to our brains' predispositions toward discriminating human facial forms. When observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem nearly identical, and human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in anthropic facial features^{[citation needed]}.

People who are more intelligent than normal are sometimes depicted in cartoons as having bigger heads, as a way of notionally indicating that they have a "larger brain"; in science fiction, an extraterrestrial having a big head is often symbolic of high intelligence. Outside of this symbolic depiction, however, advances in neurobiology have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is not a reliable indicator of how much, if any, difference in overall intelligence exists between two humans.^[1]

The head is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language, including referring to things typically near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things physically similar to the way a head is arranged spatially to a body ("the head of the table"), metaphorically ("the head of the class/FBI") and things that represent some characteristic we associate with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in this company"). These examples are all from English, but only some are possible expressions in other languages (depending on the language). (See Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999)

Ancient Greeks had a method for evaluating sexual attractiveness based on the Golden Ratio, part of which included measurements of the head.^{[citation needed]}

Clothing

A headscarf in a bazar in Isfahan

In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places, or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In addition, a number of religious paths require men to wear specific head clothing—such as the Islamic Taqiyah, Jewish yarmulke, or the Sikh turban; or Muslim women, who cover their hair, ears, and neck with a scarf.

People may cover the head for other reasons. A hat is a piece of clothing covering just the top of the head. This may be part of a uniform, such as a police uniform, a protective device such as a hard hat, a covering for warmth, or a fashion accessory.

Different headpieces can also signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, team affiliation, occupation, and/or fashion choices.

Anthropometry

While numerous charts detailing head sizes in infants and children exist, most do not measure average head circumference past the age of 21. Reference charts for adult head circumference also generally feature homogeneous samples and fail to take height and weight into account.^[2]

One study in the United States estimated the average human head circumference to be 55 cm in females and 57 cm in males.^[3]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Macrocephaly can be an indicator of increased risk for some types of cancer in individuals who carry the genetic mutation that causes Cowden syndrome. For adults, this means refers to head sizes greater than 58 centimeters in men or greater than 57 centimeters in women.^[4]^[5]

Static adult human physical characteristics of the head.

References

^ Brain Size and Intelligence
^ Nguyen, A.K.D (2012). "Head Circumference in Canadian Male Adults: Development of a Normalized Chart". International Journal of Morphology 30 (4): 1474–1480. doi:10.4067/s0717-95022012000400033.
^ TECHNICAL BRIEF - Relationship Between Head Mass and Circumference in Human Adults. Date: July 20, 2007. Principal Investigator: Randal P. Ching, Ph.D. Institution: University of Washington. Applied Biomechanics Laboratory.
^ Cowden Syndrome Detection Will Allow For Early Discovery of Cancerous Polyps. Date: December 7, 2010. Principal Investigator: Charis Eng, MD, PhD. Institution: Cleveland Clinic Genomic Medicine.
^ Mester, J. L. (2011). "Analysis of prevalence and degree of macrocephaly in patients with germline PTEN mutations and of brain weight in Pten knock-in murine model.". European Journal Of Human Genetics 19 (7): 763. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.20.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児および小児における巨頭症の病因および評価 etiology and evaluation of macrocephaly in infants and children
2. 小児の成長測定 measurement of growth in children
3. 幼児および小児における小頭症の病因および評価 etiology and evaluation of microcephaly in infants and children
4. 小頭症に対する臨床遺伝学的アプローチ a clinical genetics approach to microcephaly
5. 乳幼児および思春期前の小児における通常の成長パターン normal growth patterns in infants and prepubertal children

English Journal

Ventricular dilatation in ex-prematures: only confined to the occipital region? MRI-based normative standards for 19-year-old ex-prematures without major handicaps.

Aukland SM1, Elgen IB, Odberg MD, Chong WK, Eide GE, Rosendahl K.Author information 1Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.AbstractBACKGROUND: Premature birth may be associated with white matter injury later developing with widening of the ventricles. However, population-based data on normal ventricular size by age are sparse, making the evaluation of possible ventricular dilatation difficult.
Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987).Acta Radiol.2014 May 1;55(4):470-7. doi: 10.1177/0284185113497476. Epub 2013 Aug 12.
BACKGROUND: Premature birth may be associated with white matter injury later developing with widening of the ventricles. However, population-based data on normal ventricular size by age are sparse, making the evaluation of possible ventricular dilatation difficult.PURPOSE: To present the linear meas
PMID 23939381

Birth month associations with height, head circumference, and limb lengths among peruvian children.

Pomeroy E1, Wells JC, Stanojevic S, Miranda JJ, Cole TJ, Stock JT.Author information 1Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.AbstractAssociations between season of birth and body size, morbidity, and mortality have been widely documented, but it is unclear whether different parts of the body are differentially sensitive, and if such effects persist through childhood. This may be relevant to understanding the relationship between early life environment and body size and proportions. We investigated associations between birth month and anthropometry among rural highland (n = 162) and urban lowland (n = 184) Peruvian children aged 6 months to 8 years. Stature; head-trunk height; total limb, ulna, tibia, hand, and foot lengths; head circumference; and limb measurements relative to head-trunk height were converted to internal age-sex-specific z scores. Lowland and highland datasets were then analyzed separately for birth month trends using cosinor analysis, as urban conditions likely provide a more consistent environment compared with anticipated seasonal variation in the rural highlands. Among highland children birth month associations were significant most strongly for tibia length, followed by total lower limb length and stature, with a peak among November births. Results were not significant for other measurements or among lowland children. The results suggest a prenatal or early postnatal environmental effect on growth that is more marked in limb lengths than trunk length or head size, and persists across the age range studied. We suggest that the results may reflect seasonal variation in maternal nutrition in the rural highlands, but other hypotheses such as variation in maternal vitamin D levels cannot be excluded. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:115-124, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American journal of physical anthropology.Am J Phys Anthropol.2014 May;154(1):115-24. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22484. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
Associations between season of birth and body size, morbidity, and mortality have been widely documented, but it is unclear whether different parts of the body are differentially sensitive, and if such effects persist through childhood. This may be relevant to understanding the relationship between
PMID 24482290

Nutritional adequacy of goat milk infant formulas for term infants: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.

Zhou SJ1, Sullivan T2, Gibson RA3, Lönnerdal B4, Prosser CG5, Lowry DJ5, Makrides M1.Author information 1Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.2Data Management and Analysis Centre, Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.3School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.4Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.5Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand.AbstractThe safety and nutritional adequacy of goat milk infant formulas have been questioned. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the growth and nutritional status of infants fed a goat milk infant formula with those of infants fed a typical whey-based cow milk infant formula. The secondary aim was to examine a range of health- and allergy-related outcomes. A double-blind, randomised controlled trial with 200 formula-fed term infants randomly assigned to receive either goat or cow milk formula from 2 weeks to at least 4 months of age was conducted. A cohort of 101 breast-fed infants was included for comparison. Weight, length and head circumference were measured at 2 weeks and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 months of age. Nutritional status was assessed from serum albumin, urea, creatinine, Hb, ferritin, and folate and plasma amino acid concentrations at 4 months. Z-scores for weight, length, head circumference and weight for length were not different between the two formula-fed groups. There were differences in the values of some amino acids and blood biomarkers between the formula-fed groups, but the mean values for biomarkers were within the normal reference range. There were no differences in the occurrence of serious adverse events, general health, and incidence of dermatitis or medically diagnosed food allergy. The incidence of parentally reported blood-stained stools was higher in the goat milk formula-fed group, although this was a secondary outcome and its importance is unclear. Goat milk formula provided growth and nutritional outcomes in infants that did not differ from those provided by a standard whey-based cow milk formula.
The British journal of nutrition.Br J Nutr.2014 May;111(9):1641-51. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513004212. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
The safety and nutritional adequacy of goat milk infant formulas have been questioned. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the growth and nutritional status of infants fed a goat milk infant formula with those of infants fed a typical whey-based cow milk infant formula. The secondary
PMID 24502951