Anticline with syncline visible at far right- USGS. Note the man standing before the formation, for scale.
Anticline near Ehden, Lebanon.
In structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core. The term is not to be confused with antiform, which is a purely descriptive term for any fold that is convex up. Therefore if age relationships between various strata are unknown, the term antiform should be used.
On a geologic map, anticlines are usually recognized by a sequence of rock layers that are progressively older toward the center of the fold because the uplifted core of the fold is preferentially eroded to a deeper stratigraphic level relative to the topographically lower flanks. The strata dip away from the center, or crest, of the fold.
If an anticline plunges (i.e., is inclined to the Earth's surface), the surface strata will form Vs that point in the direction of plunge. Anticlines are often flanked by synclines although faulting can complicate and obscure the relationship between the two. Folds often form during crustal deformation as the result of shortening that accompanies orogenic mountain building. In many cases anticlines are formed by movement on non-planar faults during both shortening and extension, such as ramp anticlines and rollover anticlines.
Contents
- 1 Anticline terminology
- 2 Economic significance
- 3 Gallery of anticlines
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Bibliography
Anticline terminology
Any fold whose form is convex upward is an antiform. Antiforms containing progressively younger rocks from their core outwards are anticlines.
An anticline or antiform has a crest, which is the highest point on a given stratum along the top of the fold. A hinge in an anticline is the locus of maximum curvature or bending in a given stratum in the fold. An axis is an imaginary line connecting the hinges in the different strata in a two-dimensional cross-section through the anticline. Connecting the hinges or points of maximum curvature in the different layers in three dimensions produces an axial plane or axial surface. In a symmetrical anticline, a surface trace of the axial plane coincides with the crest. With an asymmetrical anticline, the surface trace of the axial plane or axis will be offset from the crest toward the steeper flank of the fold. An overturned anticline is an asymmetrical anticline with a flank or limb that has been tilted beyond perpendicular so that the beds in that limb are upside-down.
A structure that plunges in all directions to form a circular or elongate structure is a dome. Domes are generally formed from one main deformation event, or via diapirism from underlying magmatic intrusions or movement of upwardly mobile, mechanically ductile material such as rock salt (salt dome) and shale (shale diapir). The Richat Structure of the Sahara is considered a dome that has been laid bare by erosion.
An anticline which plunges at both ends is termed a doubly plunging anticline, and may be formed from multiple deformations, or superposition of two sets of folds, or be related to the geometry of the underlying detachment fault and the varying amount of displacement along the surface of that detachment fault. The highest point on a doubly plunging anticline (or any geologic structure for that matter) is called the "culmination."
An elongate dome which developed as the sediments were being deposited is referred to as a pericline.
An anticlinorium is a series of anticlinal folds on a regional-scale anticline. Examples include the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Purcell Anticlinorium in British Columbia[1] and the Blue Ridge anticlinorium of northern Virginia and Maryland in the Appalachians,[2] or the Nittany Valley in central Pennsylvania.
Economic significance
Structural trap: anticlinal fold
Doubly plunging or faulted anticlines, culminations, and structural domes are favored locations for oil and natural gas drilling; the low density of petroleum causes it to buoyantly migrate upward to the highest parts of the fold, until stopped by a low-permeability barrier such as an impermeable stratum or fault zone. Examples of low-permeability seals that contain the hydrocarbons, oil and gas, in the ground include shale, limestone, sandstone, and even salt domes. The actual type of stratum does not matter as long as it has low permeability.
Periclines are important focal points for pooling of hot, metal-laden formational brines, which can form manto ore deposits, Irish-type lead-zinc deposits and uranium deposits, amongst others.
Culminations in folded strata which are cut by shears and faults are favoured loci for deposition of saddle-reef style lode gold deposits.
Gallery of anticlines
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Tight folds in limestone and chert, Crete, Greece
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Tight anticline in the Wills Creek Formation, Pennsylvania
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Weathered marble anticline at General Carrera Lake, Chile
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Nittany Valley in central Pennsylvania is an anticlinorium
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Elk Basin is a breached anticline
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The Tuscarora Formation forms a clear anticline in Wills Mountain at Cumberland Narrows, Maryland
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Anticline in Wills Creek or Bloomsburg Formation at Roundtop Hill, Maryland
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Anticline with well-developed axial planar cleavage. Carboniferous sand-shale sequence above Tudes, SE of Potes, Cantabria, Spain
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Anticline and quartz "saddle reef" vein in the Halifax Formation (Cambrian), The Ovens, Nova Scotia
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Anticline in Devonian Catskill Formation, I-70, Fulton County, Pennsylvania
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Anticline in the Cambrian Conococheague Formation, in the wall of Holcim Quarry, Hagerstown, Maryland
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The Cave Mountain Anticline, exposed on Cave Mountain, West Virginia (see Smoke Hole Canyon).
See also
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- Homocline
- Monocline
- River anticlines
- Syncline
- Weald–Artois Anticline
References
- ^ The Purcell Anticlinorium
- ^ Harris, Leonard D., Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1979 v.90, no. 6, pp. 525-539 Abstract
Bibliography
- Bates, Robert L.; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (April 11, 1984). Dictionary of Geological Terms (3rd ed.). Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-18101-3.
- Davis, George H.; Reynolds, Stephen J. (January 19, 1996). Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-52621-6.
- Monroe, James S.; Wicander., Reed (February 8, 2005). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution (4th ed.). Brooks Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-01020-3.
