関: meristem、meristematic

WordNet

undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root
mark with diacritics; "point the letter"
a very small circular shape; "a row of points"; "draw lines between the dots" (同)dot
an instant of time; "at that point I had to leave" (同)point in time
repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney" (同)repoint
a V shape; "the cannibals teeth were filed to sharp points" (同)tip, peak
a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inch
a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect
one percent of the total principal of a loan; it is paid at the time the loan is made and is independent of the interest on the loan
the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest; "he scored 20 points in the first half"; "a touchdown counts 6 points"
the gun muzzles direction; "he held me up at the point of a gun" (同)gunpoint
the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip (同)pointedness
a wall socket (同)power_point
an outstanding characteristic; "his acting was one of the high points of the movie" (同)spot
a distinguishing or individuating characteristic; "he knows my bad points as well as my good points"
sharp end; "he stuck the point of the knife into a tree"; "he broke the point of his pencil"
a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north" (同)head
a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point"
a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates"
a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point"
the object of an activity; "what is the point of discussing it?"
the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street"
be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease"
indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle; "the dog pointed the dead duck"
mark (a psalm text) to indicate the points at which the music changes
mark (Hebrew words) with diacritics
having a point
direct and obvious in meaning or reference; often unpleasant; "a pointed critique"; "a pointed allusion to what was going on"; "another pointed look in their direction"
relating to or suitable for growth; "the growing season for corn"; "good growing weather"
(electronics) the production of (semiconductor) crystals by slow crystallization from the molten state
Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(針・鉛筆・剣などの)『とがった先』,(…の)先端《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉岬(みさき) / 〈C〉(小数点・句読点などの)点 / 〈C〉(図形上の)点 / 〈C〉(ある特定の)『地点』(spot),場所(place) / 〈C〉(計器の目盛りなどの)『点』,『度』 / 〈C〉時点,瞬間 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(物語・議論などの)『要点』,核心《+『of』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『目的』,『意義』,ねらっている点《+『of』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉(全体の中の)個々の項目,細目(item),細部(detail) / 〈C〉特徴(characteristic),特質(trait) / 〈C〉(競技・学校の成績などの)得点 / 〈C〉ポイント(活字の大きさの単位;約1/72インチの大きさ) / (…に)〈銃・指など〉‘を'『向ける』《+『名』+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』》 / …‘に'『指し示す』《point+名+to+名…に…をさし示す》 / …‘の'先をとがらせる,‘に'先を付ける / …‘に'点を打つ;…‘に'小数点を付ける;…‘に'句読点を付ける / 〈猟犬が〉〈獲物〉‘を'指し示す / (…を)(指などで)『示す』,指し示す《+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈猟犬が〉獲物の位置を示す
『先のとがった』,鋭い / (皮肉など)痛烈な,しんらつな / (ある目標に)向けられた,(はっきりと特定の人に)向けられた,当てこすりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/23 01:50:06」(JST)

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Growing degree days (GDD), also called growing degree units (GDUs), are a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and animal development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom, or a crop will reach maturity.

Introduction

In the absence of extreme conditions such as unseasonal drought or disease, plants grow in a cumulative stepwise manner which is strongly influenced by the ambient temperature. Growing degree days take aspects of local weather into account and allow gardeners to predict (or, in greenhouses, even to control) the plants’ pace toward maturity.

Unless stressed by other environmental factors like moisture, the development rate from emergence to maturity for many plants depends upon the daily air temperature. Because many developmental events of plants and insects depend on the accumulation of specific quantities of heat, it is possible to predict when these events should occur during a growing season regardless of differences in temperatures from year to year. Growing degrees (GDs) is defined as the number of temperature degrees above a certain threshold base temperature, which varies among crop species. The base temperature is that temperature below which plant growth is zero. GDs are calculated each day as maximum temperature plus the minimum temperature divided by 2 (or the mean temperature), minus the base temperature. GDUs are accumulated by adding each day’s GDs contribution as the season progresses.

GDUs can be used to: assess the suitability of a region for production of a particular crop; estimate the growth-stages of crops, weeds or even life stages of insects; predict maturity and cutting dates of forage crops; predict best timing of fertilizer or pesticide application; estimate the heat stress on crops; plan spacing of planting dates to produce separate harvest dates. Crop specific indices that employ separate equations for the influence of the daily minimum (nighttime) and the maximum (daytime) temperatures on growth are called crop heat units (CHUs).

GDD calculation

GDD are calculated by taking the average of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures compared to a base temperature, T_base, (usually 10 °C). As an equation:

If the mean daily temperature is lower than the base temperature then GDD=0.

GDDs are typically measured from the winter low. Any temperature below T_base is set to T_base before calculating the average. Likewise, the maximum temperature is usually capped at 30 °C because most plants and insects do not grow any faster above that temperature. However, some warm temperate and tropical plants do have significant requirements for days above 30 °C to mature fruit or seeds.

For example, a day with a high of 23 °C and a low of 12 °C (and a base of 10 °C) would contribute 7.5 GDDs.

A day with a high of 13 °C and a low of 10 °C (and a base of 10 °C) would contribute 1.5 GDDs.

Plant development

Common name	Latin name	Number of growing degree days baseline 10 °C
Witch-hazel	Hamamelis spp.	begins flowering at <1 GDD
Red maple	Acer rubrum	begins flowering at 1-27 GDD
Forsythia	Forsythia spp.	begin flowering at 1-27 GDD
Sugar maple	Acer saccharum	begin flowering at 1-27 GDD
Norway maple	Acer platanoides	begins flowering at 30-50 GDD
White ash	Fraxinus americana	begins flowering at 30-50 GDD
Crabapple	Malus spp.	begins flowering at 50-80 GDD
Common Broom	Cytisus scoparius	begins flowering at 50-80 GDD
Horsechestnut	Aesculus hippocastanum	begin flowering at 80-110 GDD
Common lilac	Syringa vulgaris	begin flowering at 80-110 GDD
Beach plum	Prunus maritima	full bloom at 80-110 GDD
Black locust	Robinia pseudoacacia	begins flowering at 140-160 GDD
Catalpa	Catalpa speciosa	begins flowering at 250-330 GDD
Privet	Ligustrum spp.	begins flowering at 330-400 GDD
Elderberry	Sambucus canadensis	begins flowering at 330-400 GDD
Purple loosestrife	Lythrum salicaria	begins flowering at 400-450 GDD
Sumac	Rhus typhina	begins flowering at 450-500 GDD
Butterfly bush	Buddleia davidii	begins flowering at 550-650 GDD
Corn (maize)	Zea mays	800 to 1400 GDD to crop maturity
Dry beans	Phaseolus vulgaris	1100-1300 GDD to maturity depending on cultivar and soil conditions
Sugar Beet	Beta vulgaris	130 GDD to emergence and 1400-1500 GDD to maturity
Barley	Hordeum vulgare	125-162 GDD to emergence and 1290-1540 GDD to maturity
Wheat (Hard Red)	Triticum aestivum	143-178 GDD to emergence and 1550-1680 GDD to maturity (there may be confusion between Celsius and Fahrenheit, 1680 is probably Fahrenheit)
Oats	Avena sativa	1500-1750 GDD to maturity
European Corn Borer	Ostrinia nubilalis	207 - Emergence of first spring moths

Pest control

Insect development and growing degree days are also used by some farmers and horticulturalists to time their use of organic or biological pest control or other pest control methods so they are applying the procedure or treatment at the point that the pest is most vulnerable. For example:

Black cutworm larvae have grown large enough to start causing economic damage at 165 GDD
Azalea Lace Bug emerges at about 130 GDD
Boxwood leaf miner emerges at about 250 GDD

Honeybees

Several beekeepers are now researching the correlation between growing degree days-GDD and the lifecycle of a honeybee colony.^{[citation needed]}

Baselines

10 °C is the most common base for GDD calculations, however, the optimal base is often determined experimentally based on the lifecycle of the plant or insect in question.

5.5 °C wheat, barley, rye, oats, flaxseed, lettuce, asparagus
6 °C Stalk Borer
7 °C Corn rootworm
8 °C sunflower, potato
9 °C Alfalfa weevil
10 °C maize (including sweet corn), sorghum, rice, soybeans, tomato, Black cutworm, European Corn Borer, Coffee (Jaramillo-Robledo & Guzman-Martinez published by Cenicafé), standard baseline for insect and mite pests of woody plants
11 °C Green Cloverworm
12 °C many other crop calculations
30 °C the USDA measure heat zones in GDD above 30 °C; for many plants this is significant for seed maturation, e.g. reed (Phragmites) requires at least some days reaching this temperature to mature viable seeds

GDDs may be calculated using either Celsius or Fahrenheit, though they must be converted appropriately; 5 GDD^C = 9 GDD^F

References

This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document "Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition" by Jasper Womach.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Growing Degree Days as a Method of Rating the Maturity of Corn Hybrids
Current year-to-date GDDs for selected US cities
a table of GDDs necessary for grapes
GDDs to various stages of maturity for selected crops
University of Massachusetts Amherst Extension, Integrated Pest management Tools, web site accessed Jan 2005
Online GDD calculator

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