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small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/01 19:45:20」(JST)

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A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals.

Anatomy and function

In the primary ovarian follicle, and later in follicle development (folliculogenesis), granulosa cells advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the oocyte in the preovulatory or antral (or Graafian) follicle.

The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of sex steroids, as well as myriad growth factors thought to interact with the oocyte during its development. The sex steroid production consists of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulating granulosa cells to convert androgens (coming from the thecal cells) to estradiol by aromatase during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.^[1] However, after ovulation the granulosa cells turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone. The progesterone may maintain a potential pregnancy and causes production of a thick cervical mucus that inhibits sperm entry into the uterus.

Embryology of ovarian granulosa cells

In the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, the oogonia become invaginated in the gonadal ridge.

The embryological origin of granulosa cells remains controversial. In the 1970s, evidence emerged that the first cells to make contact with the oogonia were of mesonephric origin. It was suggested that mesonephric cells already closely associated with the oogonia proliferated throughout development to form the granulosa cell layer.^[2]^[3]^[4] Recently, this hypothesis has been challenged with some thorough histology. Sawyer et al. hypothesized that in sheep most of the granulosa cells develop from cells of the mesothelium (i.e., epithelial cells from the presumptive surface epithelium of the ovary).^[5]

Cell culture

Cell culture of granulosa cells can be performed in vitro. Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for the differentiation. A lower plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone producing theca lutein cells.^[6]

Additional images

Oocyte granulosa cells

References

^ Garzo, V. G.; Dorrington, J. H. (1984). "Aromatase activity in human granulosa cells during follicular development and the modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin". American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 148 (5): 657–662. PMID 6422764. edit
^ Satoh M (1991). "Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos". J Anat 177: 85–107. PMC 1260417. PMID 1769902. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1260417/.
^ Upadhyay S, Zamboni L (1982). "Preliminary observations on the role of the mesonephros in the development of the adrenal cortex". Anat Rec 202 (1): 105–111. doi:10.1002/ar.1092020112. PMID 7059014.
^ Zamboni, L., Bezard, J., and Mauleon, P. (1979). The role of the mesonephros in the development of the sheep fetal ovary. Annales de Biologie Animal Biochimie et Biophysique 19, 1153-78.
^ Sawyer H, Smith P, Heath D, Juengel J, Wakefield S, McNatty K (2002). "Formation of ovarian follicles during fetal development in sheep". Biol Reprod 66 (4): 1134–50. doi:10.1095/biolreprod66.4.1134. PMID 11906935.
^ Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA (April 2010). "Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells". Fertil. Steril. 93 (6): 2050–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151. PMID 19324349.

External links

BU Histology Learning System: 18404loa - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, cumulus oophorus"
BU Histology Learning System: 14808loa - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, membrana granulosa"
Granulosa+Cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 卵巣の性索間質腫瘍：顆粒膜-間質細胞腫瘍 sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary granulosa stromal cell tumors
2. 正常月経周期の生理学 physiology of the normal menstrual cycle
3. 思春期における多嚢胞性卵巣症候群の診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
4. 卵巣の性索間質腫瘍：顆粒膜細胞腫瘍およびセルトリ・ライディック細胞腫 sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary tumors with granulosa and sertoli leydig elements
5. 卵巣の性索間質腫瘍の概要 overview of sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary

English Journal

Impact of maternal physical activity during gestation on porcine fetal, neonatal, and adolescent ovarian development.

Kaminski SL1, Grazul-Bilska AT2, Harris EK1, Berg EP1, Vonnahme KA1.
Domestic animal endocrinology.Domest Anim Endocrinol.2014 Jul;48:56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
To determine how exercise from mid to late (days 40-104) gestation impacts offspring body, uterine and ovarian weight, and ovarian cell proliferation at three different developmental stages, Yorkshire gilts were either exercised by walking (EX) or not exercised (CON). In parity 1, ovaries and uteri
PMID 24906929

Effects of RU486 and indomethacin on meiotic maturation, formation of extracellular matrix, and progesterone production by porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes.

Nagyova E1, Scsukova S2, Kalous J3, Mlynarcikova A2.
Domestic animal endocrinology.Domest Anim Endocrinol.2014 Jul;48:7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of either cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by indomethacin or progesterone receptor (PR) by PR antagonist, RU486, affects oocyte maturation, progesterone production, and covalent binding between hyaluronan (HA) and heavy chains of inter-α trypsin inhi
PMID 24906923

Displaced Granulosa Cells Within the Ovarian Stroma in a BRCA1 Mutation Carrier.

Chui MH1, Chapman WB, Clarke BA.
International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.Int J Gynecol Pathol.2014 Jul;33(4):423-4. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0b013e3182a3cd2c.
PMID 24901403

Japanese Journal

The fatty acid binding protein 6 gene (Fabp6) is expressed in murine granulosa cells and is involved in ovulatory response to superstimulation

DUGGAVATHI Raj,SIDDAPPA Dayananda,SCHUERMANN Yasmin [他]
The journal of reproduction and development 61(3), 237-240, 2015-06
NAID 40020494183

Effects of reaggregated granulosa cells and oocytes derived from early antral follicles on the properties of oocytes grown in vitro

OI Ayano,TASAKI Hidetaka,MUNAKATA Yasuhisa [他]
The journal of reproduction and development 61(3), 191-197, 2015-06
NAID 40020494107

The gene expression pattern induced by high plating density in cultured bovine and buffalo granulosa cells might be regulated by specific miRNA species

YENUGANTI Vengala Rao,BADDELA Vijay Simha,BAUFELD Anja [他]
The journal of reproduction and development 61(2), 154-160, 2015-04
NAID 40020436740

「顆粒膜細胞」

　　[★]

英: granulosa cell, granulosa cells
同: 顆粒層細胞
関: 卵胞、

[show details]

110708

顆粒層細胞 : 約 49,700 件
顆粒膜細胞 : 約 58,900 件

卵胞由来の細胞で、卵胞の外層に位置する。
原始卵胞から一次卵胞への発達はFSH非依存的に進行する。卵母細胞をおおう卵胞上皮(卵胞上皮細胞)は単層かつ扁平な状態から立方状に変化し、さらに多層化する。この状態の卵胞上皮細胞が顆粒層細胞と呼ばれる(HIS.395)。
卵母細胞から分泌されるアクチビンによって顆粒層細胞の増殖が促進される(HIS.395)

分子細胞学的な特徴=

FSHとLH受容体を有する。

機能

1. アンドロゲンからエストロゲンへの変換
2. (LHの作用により)排卵後に黄体に変化する

ホルモン

調節

多層一次卵胞の時にFSHを受容すると二次卵胞になる　←　FSHは卵胞発育促進作用があり、顆粒膜細胞に作用して三方の発育・分化・エストロゲン産生を促進する(QB.Q-212)

分泌

二次卵胞

顆粒層細胞はアロマターゼを有しており、内卵胞膜細胞により産生された男性ホルモンからエストロゲンを産生することができる。
インヒビン、フォリスタチン、アクチビンなどを分泌する。

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞　　　　　　　

「granulosa」

　　[★]

顆粒膜

関: granulosum

[1] Garzo, V. G.; Dorrington, J. H. (1984). "Aromatase activity in human granulosa cells during follicular development and the modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin". American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 148 (5): 657–662. PMID 6422764. edit

[2] Satoh M (1991). "Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos". J Anat 177: 85–107. PMC 1260417. PMID 1769902. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1260417/.

[3] Upadhyay S, Zamboni L (1982). "Preliminary observations on the role of the mesonephros in the development of the adrenal cortex". Anat Rec 202 (1): 105–111. doi:10.1002/ar.1092020112. PMID 7059014.

[4] Zamboni, L., Bezard, J., and Mauleon, P. (1979). The role of the mesonephros in the development of the sheep fetal ovary. Annales de Biologie Animal Biochimie et Biophysique 19, 1153-78.

[5] Sawyer H, Smith P, Heath D, Juengel J, Wakefield S, McNatty K (2002). "Formation of ovarian follicles during fetal development in sheep". Biol Reprod 66 (4): 1134–50. doi:10.1095/biolreprod66.4.1134. PMID 11906935.

[6] Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA (April 2010). "Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells". Fertil. Steril. 93 (6): 2050–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151. PMID 19324349.

リンク元	「顆粒膜細胞」
関連記事	「cell」「granulosa」

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案内

案内

granulosa cells