生殖腺疾患、生殖腺障害

WordNet

bring disorder to (同)disarray
a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
a disturbance of the peace or of public order
a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced (同)sex gland
of or relating to the gonads; "gonadal hormones"
not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
性腺(せん),生殖腺

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/23 16:34:23」(JST)

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a pair of fresh ovaries of Cyprinus carpio placed in dissecting dish

A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland^[1] is an endocrine gland that produces the gametes (germ cells) of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm.^[2] The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes, are haploid germ cells.

Regulation

The gonads are controlled by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, produced and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland.^[3] This secretion is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced in the hypothalamus.^[4]

Development

Gonads start developing as a common primordium (an organ in the earliest stage of development), in the form of gonadal ridges,^[5] and only later are differentiated to male or female sex organs. The presence of the SRY gene,^[6] located on the Y chromosome and encoding the testis determining factor, determines male sexual differentiation. In the absence of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome, the female sex (ovaries instead of testes) will develop. The development of the gonads is a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.

References

^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sex+gland?r=66
^ http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/gonad
^ "gonadotropin". The Free Dictionary. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Elsevier. 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ John W. Kimball (12 February 2011). "Hormones of the Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)". Kimball's Biology Pages. John W. Kimball (The Saylor Foundation). Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ Satoh M.; Anat J. (August 1991). "Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos". PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine) (Abstract). Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. PMID 1769902. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ "Human Developmental Genetics". Institut Pasteur. Institut Pasteur. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 外陰部異常を有する幼児の評価 evaluation of the infant with ambiguous genitalia
2. 成人のがん生存者における心理社会的問題の概要 overview of psychosocial issues in the adult cancer survivor
3. 成人における神経性食思不振症：臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 anorexia nervosa in adults clinical features assessment and diagnosis
4. リウマチ性疾患を有する男性における抗炎症剤および免疫抑制剤が性腺機能に及ぼす影響 effects of antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs on gonadal function in men with rheumatic diseases
5. 成人男性における細胞傷害性薬物が性腺機能に及ぼす影響 effects of cytotoxic agents on gonadal function in adult men

English Journal

Sexual Dysfunction in Men Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Clinical History and Psychobiological Correlates.

Gerra G1, Manfredini M, Somaini L, Maremmani I, Leonardi C, Donnini C.
European addiction research.Eur Addict Res.2016;22(3):163-75. doi: 10.1159/000441470. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
A variety of studies evidenced a relationship between drug use disorders and sexual dysfunction. In particular, heroin and opioid agonist medications to treat heroin dependence have been found to be associated with erectile dysfunction and reduced libido. Controversial findings also indicate the pos
PMID 26595117

Exposing native cyprinid (Barbus plebejus) juveniles to river sediments leads to gonadal alterations, genotoxic effects and thyroid disruption.

Viganò L1, De Flora S2, Gobbi M3, Guiso G3, Izzotti A2, Mandich A4, Mascolo G5, Roscioli C6.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2015 Dec;169:223-39. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.022. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
Juveniles (50 days post hatch) of a native cyprinid fish (Barbus plebejus) were exposed for 7 months to sediments from the River Lambro, a polluted tributary impairing the quality of the River Po for tens of kilometers from their confluence. Sediments were collected upstream of the city of Milan and
PMID 26580918

Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era.

Stamou MI1, Cox KH1, Crowley WF Jr1.
Endocrine reviews.Endocr Rev.2015 Dec;36(6):603-21. doi: 10.1210/er.2015-1045. Epub 2015 Sep 22.
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where Gn
PMID 26394276

Japanese Journal

A 45,X/46,XY DSD (Disorder of Sexual Development) case with an extremely uneven distribution of 46,XY cells between lymphocytes and gonads

Nomura Risa,Miyai Kentaro,Okada Michiyo,Kajiwara Michiko,Ono Makoto,Ogata Tsutomu,Onishi Iichiro,Sato Mana,Sekine Masaki,Akashi Takumi,Mizutani Shuki,Kashimada Kenichi
Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 24(1), 11-14, 2015
… The gonadal development of 45,X/46,XY patients depends on the population of 46,XY cells in the gonads and the clinical features are variable. …
NAID 130004853607

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypersegmented neutrophils in a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder: Potential diagnostic clues?

Yoshida Takeshi,Awaya Tomonari,Shibata Minoru,Kato Takeo,Numabe Hironao,Kobayashi Junya,Komatsu Kenshi,Heike Toshio
American journal of medical genetics. Part A 164(7), 1830-1834, 2014-07
… Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, and has symptoms similar to ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). … We report a female ATLD patient presenting with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypersegmented neutrophils, previously undescribed features in this disorder, and potential diagnostic clues to differentiate ATLD from other conditions. …
NAID 120005456013

性同一性障害の脳科学

山田幸樹,金野倫子,内山真
日大医学雑誌 72(3), 137-141, 2013
… Gender identity disorder (GID) is defined as a sexual disorder characterized by strong self-identification with the opposite gender, followed by unpleasant feelings due to the birth-given gender. … Similar to animal studies, it has been reported that fetal or neonatal gonadal steroids are responsible for sexual differentiation of the human brain, which might be related to gender identity and sexual orientation. …
NAID 130004781695