giant panda

ジャイアントパンダ

関

Ailuropoda、bear、black bear、grizzly bear、polar bear、Ursidae、Ursus

WordNet

1. move while holding up or supporting; "Bear gifts"; "bear a heavy load"; "bear news"; "bearing orders"
2. massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws
3. an investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price
4. have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices; "She bears the title of Duchess"; "He held the governorship for almost a decade" (同)hold
5. take on as ones own the expenses or debts of another person; "Ill accept the charges"; "She agreed to bear the responsibility" (同)take_over, accept, assume
6. bring forth, "The apple tree bore delicious apples this year"; "The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers" (同)turn_out
7. have; "bear a resemblance"; "bear a signature"
8. only the giant panda: in some classifications considered a genus of the separate family Ailuropodidae (同)genus Ailuropoda
9. type genus of Ursidae: brown bears; in some classifications genus Ursus includes all bears (同)genus Ursus
10. bears and extinct related forms (同)family Ursidae
11. make a sweeping movement; "The camera panned across the room"
12. cooking utensil consisting of a wide metal vessel (同)cooking pan
13. shallow container made of metal
14. wash dirt in a pan to separate out the precious minerals (同)pan_out, pan off
15. express a totally negative opinion of; "The critics panned the performance" (同)tear apart, trash
16. any creature of exceptional size
17. someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful (同)goliath, behemoth, monster, colossus
18. a very large person; impressive in size or qualities (同)hulk, heavyweight, whale
19. an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength; appears in folklore and fairy tales
20. an unusually large enterprise; "Walton built a retail giant"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『クマ』 / 〈C〉乱暴者 / 〈C〉(株式で)売り方 / 《the B-》クマ座
2. 《しばしば受動態で》〈子〉'を'『産む』 / 〈花〉'を'『つける』,〈実〉'を'『結ぶ』;〈利子など〉'を'生む / 〈重さ〉'を'『支える』,‘に'耐える;〈物〉'を'載せている / 《通例否定構文で》〈人が〉…'を'『がまんする』,こらえる / 《通例否定構文で》〈物事が〉…‘に'ふさわしい,‘の'価値がある / 〈義務・責任など〉'を'負う,負担する;〈罰など〉'を'受ける,こうむる / 《文》…'を'『運ぶ』,持って行く,連れて行く / 〈情報・うわさなど〉'を'伝える,広める / 〈力など〉'を'与える,提供する / 〈武器・紋章など〉'を'身につけている,帯びている / 〈ある性質・特徴〉'を'示す,持っている / 〈ある感情〉…'を'心にいだく,持つ / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…'を'押す,突く / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(…の方に)向く,進む《+『toward』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(…の)方向(位置)にある / 子を産む;実を結ぶ / …に向かって努力する / …にぐっと押し寄せる
3. (通例ふたのない片柄の)『平なべ』 / 平なべ状の物;(はかりなどの)皿;(砂金などを砂利から分ける)選鉱なべ / 硬質地層 / …‘を'平なべで煮る / 〈砂金など〉‘を'えり分ける,選鉱する《+『off』(『out』)+『名,』+『名』+『off』(『out』)》 / 《話》…‘を'こきおろす,酷評する / (…を得るために)選鉱なべで洗う《+『for』+『名』》
4. (映画・テレビで,全景を写すために)〈カメラ〉‘を'上下(左右)に動かす,パンする / カメラを上下(左右)に動かして撮る,パンする
5. 『大男』;(物語・伝説の)『巨人』 / 『大人物』,偉人 / 『巨大な物』 / 巨大な,ものすごく大きい
6. パンダ(中国南部,チベットに住むアライグマ)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/24 11:00:47」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the mammal in the bear family. For the arboreal mammal, see red panda. For other uses, see Panda (disambiguation).

Giant panda
Giant panda at Ocean Park, Hong Kong
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ursidae
Genus:	Ailuropoda
Species:	A. melanoleuca
Binomial name
Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869)
Subspecies
A. m. melanoleuca A. m. qinlingensis
Giant panda range

The panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, lit. "black and white cat-foot"), also known as the giant panda to distinguish it from the unrelated red panda, is a bear native to central-western and south western China. It is easily recognized by the large, distinctive black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the panda's diet is 99% bamboo. Pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food.

The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. As a result of farming, deforestation and other development, the panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived.

The panda is a conservation reliant endangered species. A 2007 report shows 239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. Some reports also show that the number of pandas in the wild is on the rise. However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable.

While the dragon has often served as China's national emblem, internationally the panda appears at least as commonly. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics.

Description

The giant panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft) long, including a tail of about 13 cm (5.1 in), and 60 to 90 cm (2.0 to 3.0 ft) tall at the shoulder. Males can weigh up to 160 kg (350 lb). Females (generally 10–20% smaller than males) can weigh as little as 75 kg (170 lb), but can also weigh up to 125 kg (280 lb). Average adult weight is 100 to 115 kg (220 to 250 lb).

The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, arms and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, speculation suggests that the bold coloring provides effective camouflage in their shade-dappled snowy and rocky habitat. The giant panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. It has large molar teeth and strong jaw-muscles for crushing tough bamboo.

Bone of the left forelimb of giant panda at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.

The giant panda's paw has a "thumb" and five fingers; the "thumb" - actually a modified sesamoid bone - helps it to hold bamboo while eating. Stephen Jay Gould discusses this feature in his book of essays on evolution and biology, The Panda's Thumb.

The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in), is the second-longest in the bear family. (The longest belongs to the sloth bear.)

The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity. The oldest captive, a female named Ming Ming, had a recorded age of 34.

Behavior

In the wild, the giant panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly Sichuan Province. Giant pandas are generally solitary, and each adult has a defined territory, and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Pandas communicate through vocalization and scent marking such as clawing trees or spraying urine. They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices, but do not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not hibernate, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures. Pandas rely primarily on spatial memory rather than visual memory.

Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub.

Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans, presumably out of irritation rather than aggression.

Diet

Pandas eating bamboo at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

Panda eating, standing, playing

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant panda's diet is primarily herbivorous, consisting almost exclusively of bamboo. However, the giant panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes, and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. Its ability to digest cellulose is ascribed to the microbes in its gut. The giant panda is a "highly specialized" animal with "unique adaptations", and has lived in bamboo forests for millions of years. The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 lb) of bamboo shoots a day. Because it consumes a diet low in nutrition, it is important for it to keep its digestive tract full. The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures.

Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Panda researcher Russell Ciochon observed: “[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient[-]poor resources such as bamboo.” Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.

Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala and Fargesia rufa. Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less. Given this large diet, the giant panda can defecate up to 40 times a day.

Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth, and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements.

Genomics

The giant panda genome was sequenced in 2009 using a next-generation sequencing technology. Its genome contains 20  pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

Classification and evolution

For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons. However, molecular studies suggest the giant panda is a true bear and part of the Ursidae family, though it differentiated early in history from the main ursine stock. The giant panda's closest extant relative is the spectacled bear of South America. The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil.

Despite the shared name, habitat type, and diet, as well as a unique enlarged bone called the pseudo thumb (which helps them grip the bamboo shoots they eat), the giant panda and red panda are only distantly related. Molecular studies have placed the red panda in its own family Ailuridae, and not under Ursidae.

Hua Mei, the baby panda born at the San Diego Zoo in 1999

Subspecies

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, color patterns, and population genetics (Wan et al., 2005).

• The nominate subspecies Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca consists of most extant populations of panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colors.
• The Qinling panda, A. m. qinlingensis is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of 1300–3000 m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a dark brown versus light brown pattern. The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.

A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012 confirms that the separation of the Qinlin population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that the non-Qinlin population further diverged into two groups, named the Minshan and the Qionglai-Daxiangling-Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan group respectively, about 2,800 years ago.

Uses and human interaction

Early references

In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the mother of Emperor Wen of Han was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of Emperor Taizong of Tang is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals in Ancient China, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. The few known uses include the Sichuan tribal peoples' use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use of panda pelts to control menses as described in the Qin Dynasty encyclopedia Erya.

The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo, from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, although the older Erya describes mo simply as a "white leopard". The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common.

During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (early 15th century), his relative from Kaifeng sent him a captured zouyu (騶虞), and another zouyu was sighted in Shandong. Zouyu is a legendary "righteous" animal, which, similarly to a qilin, only appears during the rule of a benevolent and sincere monarch. It is said to be fierce as a tiger, but gentle and strictly vegetarian, and described in some books as a white tiger with black spots. Puzzled about the real zoological identity of the creature captured during the Yongle era, J.J.L. Duyvendak exclaims, "Can it possibly have been a Pandah?"

The comparative obscurity of the giant panda throughout most of China's history is illustrated by the fact that, despite there being a number of depictions of bears in Chinese art starting from its most ancient times, and the bamboo being one of the favorite subjects for Chinese painters, there are no known pre-20th-century artistic representations of giant pandas.

Western discovery

The West first learned of the giant panda on 11 March 1869, when the French missionary Armand David received a skin from a hunter. The first Westerner known to have seen a living giant panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first Westerners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring back a live giant panda, a cub named Su Lin which went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago. In 1938, five giant pandas were sent to London; these activities were later halted because of wars and for the next half of the century, the West knew little of pandas.

Gao Gao, an adult male giant panda at San Diego Zoo

Panda diplomacy

Main article: Panda diplomacy

Loans of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s, as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between the PRC and the West. This practice has been termed "Panda diplomacy".

By 1984, however, pandas were no longer given as gifts. Instead, the PRC began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans, under terms including a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of the PRC. Since 1998, because of a WWF lawsuit, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service only allows a US zoo to import a panda if the zoo can ensure the PRC will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for the giant panda and its habitat.

In May 2005, the PRC offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled in cross-Strait relations—both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered "domestic" or "international", or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. A contest in 2006 to name the pandas was held in the mainland, resulting in the politically charged names Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (from tuanyuan, meaning "reunion", i.e. "reunification"). PRC's offer was initially rejected by President Chen of Taiwan. However, when Ma Ying-jeou assumed the presidency in 2008, the offer was accepted, and the pandas arrived in December of that year.

Conservation

The giant panda is an endangered species, threatened by continued habitat loss and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity.

The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach giant pandas in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat, and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time.

Close up of a baby seven-month-old panda cub in the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan, China

Though the Wolong National Nature Reserve was set up by the PRC government in 1958 to save the declining panda population, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made, owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline, and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation caused by caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped their chances of survival. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, though they still are classified as a rare species.

In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. Although the species is still endangered, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves two decades ago.

The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the southwest Sichuan province and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006.

Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is well spent. Chris Packham has argued that the breeding of pandas in captivity is "pointless" because "there is not enough habitat left to sustain them". Packham argues that the money spent on pandas would be better spent elsewhere, and has said he would "eat the last panda if I could have all the money we have spent on panda conservation put back on the table for me to do more sensible things with," though he has apologized for upsetting people who like pandas. He points out, "The panda is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation money in the last half century."

In 2012, Earthwatch Institute, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important environmental research, launched a program called "On the Trail of Giant Panda". This program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows volunteers to work up close with pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to life in the wild, so that they may breed, and live longer and healthier lives.

Reproduction

A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant panda typically weighs 100 to 200 grams (3 ¹⁄₂ to 7 oz) and measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to 7 in) long.

Panda Research and Breeding Centre in Chengdu.

Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in captivity was by artificial insemination, as they seemed to lose their interest in mating once they were captured. This led some scientists to try extreme methods, such as showing them videos of giant pandas mating and giving the males Viagra. Only recently have researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the American black bear, a thriving bear family. The current reproductive rate is considered one young every two years.

Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into estrus, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time is short, ranging from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization. The gestation period ranges from 95 to 160 days.

If twins are born, usually only one survives in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker will die. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs, since she does not store fat. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.

When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless, weighing only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), or about 1/800th of the mother's weight. It nurses from its mother's breast six to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns gray where its hair will eventually become black. A slight pink color may appear on cub's fur, as a result of a chemical reaction between the fur and its mother's saliva. A month after birth, the color pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 80 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs are able to eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) at one year, and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.

In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old. The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the problem of lessening giant panda semen availability, which had led to inbreeding. Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas.

Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by interspecific pregnancy by implanting cloned panda embryos into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births.

Name

No conclusive explanation of the origin of the word "panda" has been found. The closest candidate is the Nepali word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone. The Western world originally applied this name to the red panda. Until 1901, when it was erroneously stated to be related to the red panda, the giant panda was known as "mottled bear" (Ailuropus melanoleucus) or "particolored bear".

In most encyclopedic sources, the name "panda" or "common panda" originally referred to the lesser-known red panda, thus necessitating the inclusion of "giant" and "lesser/red" prefixes in front of the names. Even in 2010, the Encyclopædia Britannica still used "giant panda" or "panda bear" for the bear, and simply "panda" for the Ailuridae, despite the popular usage of the word "panda".

Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as 花熊 (huā xióng) "spotted bear" and 竹熊 (zhú xióng) "bamboo bear". The most popular names in China today are 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), literally "large bear cat", or just 熊貓 (xióng māo), "bear cat". The name may have been inspired by the giant panda's eyes, which have cat-like vertical slits – unlike other bear species, which have round pupils.

In Taiwan, the popular name for panda is the inverted 貓熊 (māo xióng) "cat bear", though many encyclopedia and dictionaries in Taiwan still use "bear cat" as the correct name. Some linguists argue, in this construction, "bear" instead of "cat" is the base noun, making this name more grammatically and logically correct, which may have led to the popular choice despite official writings.

In zoos

See also: Category:Individual giant pandas

Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos.

Chi Chi at the London Zoo became very popular. This influenced the World Wildlife Fund to use a panda as its symbol.

A 2006 New York Times article outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than that of the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008, but got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost. The last contract, with the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, ends in 2013.

Asia

China

Tai Shan in June 2007

Many zoos and breeding centers in China house giant pandas. These include:

• Beijing Zoo – home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu
• Shanghai Zoo
• Bifengxia Panda Base, Ya'an, Sichuan, is home to US-born giant pandas Mei Sheng (M), Hua Mei (F), Tai Shan (M), Su Lin (F), and Zhen Zhen (F). It is also home to the Austrian-born Fu Long.
• Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan – Twelve cubs were born here in 2006. It is also home to Japanese-born Xiong Bang (M) and US-born Mei Lan (F).
• China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan – Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006.
• Ocean Park, Hong Kong – home to Jia Jia (F), An An (M), Le Le (M), and Ying Ying (F)

Other places in Asia

• Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan – home to Tuan Tuan (M) and Yuan Yuan (F)
• Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, Thailand – home to Chuang Chuang (M), Lin Hui (F), and Lin Bing, a female cub born 27 May 2009
• Adventure World, Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan – Until recently, it was home to Ei Mei (M), Mei Mei (F), Rau Hin (F), Ryu Hin and Syu Hin (M twins), and Kou Hin (M). In December 2006, twin cubs were born to Ei Mei and Mei Mei. Two cubs, Eiihin (M) and Meihin (F), were born to Rau Hin on 13 September 2008. Mei Mei, a mother of ten cubs, died on 15 October 2008.
• Oji Zoo, Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan – home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan (F)
• River Safari, a new park under Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore is to receive two pandas (Kai Kai and Jia Jia) in 2012.

Australia

• Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide is home to Wang Wang (M) and Funi (F). They arrived on 28 November 2009, and went on display on 14 December. They are expected to stay for a minimum of 10 years, and are the only giant pandas living in the Southern Hemisphere.

Europe

Giant panda in Vienna’s zoo Tiergarten Schönbrunn

• Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, Germany is the former home of Bao Bao, which died in 2012 at the age of 34. He was the oldest male panda living in captivity at the time of his death and had lived in Berlin for twenty five years. He never reproduced.
• Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria – home to Yang Yang (F) and Long Hui (M), born in Wolong, China in 2000 They gave birth to Fu Long (M) in 2007, and Fu Hu (M) in 2010. Fu Long, who has been relocated to China, was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years.
• Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain is the home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F) since 2007. They gave birth to twin cubs on 7 September 2010. The zoo was also the site of the first giant panda birth in Europe, in 1982. That giant panda cub was named Chu-lin.
• The Edinburgh Zoo – home to Tian Tian (F) and Yang Guang (M) since 4 December 2011
• ZooParc de Beauval – home to Huan Huan (F) and Yuan Zi (M) since 15 January 2012

North America

Bai Yun at San Diego Zoo, has given birth to 5 cubs in captivity and is considered one of the most successfully reproductive captive pandas

• Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City – home of Xiu Hua, born on 25 June 1985, Shuan Shuan, born on 15 June 1987, and Xin Xin, born on 1 July 1990 from Tohui (Tohui born on Chapultepec Zoo on 21 July 1981 and died on 16 November 1993), all females
• San Diego Zoo, San Diego – home of Bai Yun (F), Gao Gao (M), Yun Zi (M), and Xiao Liwu (M)
• National Zoo in Washington, DC – home of Mei Xiang (F) and Tian Tian (M)
• Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta – home of Lun Lun (F), Yang Yang (M), Xi Lan (M), and Po (M), born 3 November 2010
• Memphis Zoo, Memphis – home of Ya Ya (F) and Le Le (M)
• The Toronto Zoo and Calgary Zoo will receive a pair of pandas named Er Shun (M) and Ji Li (F). The two pandas are expected to start their time in Canada at the Toronto Zoo sometime in 2013, and will spend 10 years in Canada, evenly split between Toronto and Calgary. For Toronto this will be the second set of pandas, in 1985 Quan Quan (Female, died 2010 at Jinan Zoo at age 21) and Qing Qing (Female born Sept 9, 1984 and later at Wuhan Zoo and now at Chengdu Panda Base) were sent to the zoo for 100 days beginning in July.

North American–born pandas

• Tohui (Nahuatl word for kid), born 21 July 1981, died 16 November 1993, a female at Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City, was the first giant panda born and survived in captivity outside China. Her parents were Ying Ying and Pe Pe.
• Hua Mei, was born 1999 in the San Diego Zoo and sent to China in 2004.
• Mei Sheng, born 2003 at the San Diego Zoo, sent to China 2007.
• Tai Shan, born 9 July 2005 at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, was sent to China in 2010.
• Su Lin was born 2 August 2005 at the San Diego Zoo and moved to China in 2010.
• Mei Lan, born 6 September 2006 at Zoo Atlanta, was sent to China in 2010.
• Zhen Zhen, born 3 August 2007 at the San Diego Zoo, was moved to China in 2010.
• Xi Lan, born 30 August 2008 at Zoo Atlanta
• Yun Zi, born 5 August 2009 at the San Diego Zoo
• Po, born 3 November 2010 at Zoo Atlanta
• Xiao Liwu, born 29 July 2012 at the San Diego Zoo

See also

• List of giant pandas
• Panda tea
• Pygmy giant panda
• Wildlife of China
• List of endangered and protected species of China

References

Notes

Bibliography

• AFP (via Discovery Channel) (2006, 20 June). Panda Numbers Exceed Expectations.
• Associated Press (via CNN) (2006). Article link.
• Catton, Chris (1990). Pandas. Christopher Helm.
• Friends of the National Zoo (2006). Panda Cam: A Nation Watches Tai Shan the Panda Cub Grow. New York: Fireside Books.
• Goodman, Brenda (2006, 12 February). Pandas Eat Up Much of Zoos' Budgets. The New York Times.
• Lumpkin, Susan; Seidensticker, John (2007). Giant Pandas. London: Collins. ISBN 0-06-120578-8  (An earlier edition is available as The Smithsonian Book of Giant Pandas, Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002, ISBN 1-58834-013-9.)
• Panda Facts At a Glance (N.d.). www.wwfchina.org. WWF China.
• Ryder, Joanne (2001). Little panda: The World Welcomes Hua Mei at the San Diego Zoo. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Schaller, George B. (1993). The Last Panda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73628-8  (There are also several later reprints)
• Wan, Q.-H.; Wu, H.; Fang, S.-G. (2005). "A New Subspecies of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from Shaanxi, China". Journal of Mammalogy 86: 397–402. doi:10.1644/BRB-226.1. 
• Warren, Lynne (July 2006). "Panda, Inc." National Geographic. (About Mei Xiang, Tai Shan and the Wolong Panda Research Facility in Chengdu China).

External links

• BBC Nature: Giant panda news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.
• GLOBIO's Glossopedia; Giant Panda – Children's science and nature encyclopedia
• Panda Pioneer: the release of the first captive-bred panda 'Xiang Xiang' in 2006
• WWF – environmental conservation organization
• Pandas International – panda conservation group
• National Zoo Live Panda Cams – Baby Panda Tai Shan and mother Mei Xiang
• Information from Animal Diversity
• NPR News 2007/08/20 – Panda Romance Stems From Bamboo
• View the panda genome on Ensembl.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Serotypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of vaginal and fecal isolates of Escherichia coli from the giant panda.

• Wang X, Yan Q, Xia X, Zhang Y, Li D, Wang C, Chen S, Hou R.SourceCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
• Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2013 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
• Although Escherichia coli (E. coli) typically colonize the intestinal tract and vagina of the giant pandas, it has caused enteric and systemic disease in the giant pandas and greatly impact the health and survival of this endangered species. In order to understand the distribution and characteristic
• PMID 23793635

• [Smallest bitter taste receptor (T2Rs) gene repertoire in carnivores].

• Hu LL, Shi P.SourceState Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. ship@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
• Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research / "Dong wu xue yan jiu" bian ji wei yuan hui bian ji.Dongwuxue Yanjiu.2013 Jun 8;34(3):E75-81.
• Bitter taste reception is presumably associated with dietary selection, preventing animals from ingesting potentially harmful compounds. Accordingly, carnivores, who encounter these toxic substances less often, should have fewer genes associated with bitter taste reception compared with herbivores a
• PMID 23776004

• Dietary shifts affect the gastrointestinal microflora of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).

• Williams CL, Willard S, Kouba A, Sparks D, Holmes W, Falcone J, Williams CH, Brown A.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA  Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA  Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA  Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
• Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl).2013 Jun;97(3):577-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01299.x. Epub 2012 Apr 24.
• Giant pandas exhibit seasonal changes in bamboo plant part preference. The influences on the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) microbial populations were evaluated during a 14-month period for a pair of adult male and female giant pandas housed at the Memphis Zoo using traditional culturing methods to e
• PMID 22524500

Japanese Journal

• 上野地域におけるジャイアントパンダの社会的意義 (本保芳明教授 退職記念号)

• 土居 利光
• 観光科学研究 (8), 141-150, 2015-03
• 恩賜上野動物園のジャイアントパンダは，1972年に日本に導入された時に社会的な話題となり，その後も集客面や政治的視点からも注目を集めてきた。本稿では，上野地域の商店関係者などによる取組みの過程を明らかにすることによって，集客力があることから観光などに寄与するように「資源化」されてきたとも捉えられるジャイアントパンダの地域における社会的意義について考察した。その結果，上野地域における商店関係団体及び …
• NAID 120005576170

• A case of lacrimal sarcoidosis following interstitial pneumonia: imaging and management

• KAWASHIRI Shin-ya,NAKAMURA Hideki,ORIGUCHI Tomoki,AOYAGI Kiyoshi,KAWAKAMI Atsushi
• 日本臨床免疫学会会誌 38(3), 164-168, 2015
• … A lacrimal gland biopsy showed noncaseating granulomatous infiltration with occasional multinucleated giant cells consistent with sarcoidosis. …
• NAID 130005089223

• Adjuvant effects of recombinant giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) IL-18 on the canine distemper disease vaccine in mice

• YAN Yue,NIU Lili,DENG Jiabo [他],WANG Qiang,YU Jianqiu,ZHANG Yizheng,WANG Jianxi,CHEN Jiao,WEI Changhe,TAN Xuemei
• Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(2), 187-192, 2015
• … Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), especially captive ones, are susceptible to natural infection with CDV. … In this study, a giant panda IL-18 gene eukaryotic expression plasmid (pcAmIL-18) was constructed. …
• NAID 130004781039

Related Links

• Giant Panda | Species | WWF

The giant panda is the rarest member of the bear family and among the world’s most threatened animals. Learn about WWF's giant panda conservation efforts. ... Crucial Role in Forests Pandas play a crucial role in the bamboo ...

• Giant Panda Facts - National Zoo

Giant pandas live in broadleaf and coniferous forests with a dense understory of bamboo, at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. ... Giant Panda Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus and species: Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Ailuropoda」「ジャイアントパンダ」「Ursus」「polar bear」「Ursidae」
関連記事	「giant」

「Ailuropoda」

　　[★]

ジャイアントパンダ属、アイルロ・ダ属、Ailuropoda属

関

bear、black bear、giant panda、grizzly bear、polar bear、Ursidae、Ursus

　

「ジャイアントパンダ」

　　[★]

英

giant panda

関

クマ属、ジャイアントパンダ属、クマ、クロクマ、ホッキョクグマ、グリズリー、クマ科

「Ursus」

　　[★]

クマ属、ウルスス属、Ursus属

関

Ailuropoda、bear、black bear、giant panda、grizzly bear、polar bear、Ursidae

　

「polar bear」

　　[★]

ホッキョクグマ

関

Ailuropoda、bear、black bear、giant panda、grizzly bear、Ursidae、Ursus

「Ursidae」

　　[★]

クマ科

関

Ailuropoda、bear、black bear、giant panda、grizzly bear、polar bear、Ursus

　

「giant」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 巨大な

関

colossal、huge、hugely、mega、prodigious、vast